Half of all mental health problems start by the age of 15 and the teenage and young adult years are particularly difficult for girls with high and increasing rates of anxiety, depression and self-harm. Many different factors contribute, including social media, peer pressures, focus on appearance, friends, relationships, schoolwork and, as Everyone’s Invited has recently highlighted, personal safety. There is tremendous pressure to conform with the expectations of others. Attitudes to women and girls seem to have gone into reverse during the author’s lifetime. It is too simplistic to view the problems of young women as a simply a ‘lack of self-esteem’. The difficulties they face in society are consistently underestimated and not taken seriously. Fast access to therapy is crucial. Bullying must be addressed effectively. Sexist and mysogynistic attitudes in school must be challenged and, given the easy access now to pornography, the issues of consent should addressed head on by both parents and schools. Using the example of Everyone’s Invited, women and girls need to reach out and support each other. The personal is still political.

Of the two parallel lives, it is Hannibal who used an elected position to carry through political and economic reforms unwelcome to the ruling oligarchy, whereas Scipio was quiet and accepting of the status quo. A story that Hannibal was prosecuted after Zama is not believable. He urged acceptance of the peace terms after Zama, manhandling an opposing speaker; he apologized for this, pleading long absence from civil life. As elected ‘praetor’ (sufete), he antagonized powerful citizens. His summons of a ‘quaestor’ (financial official) was refused. Scipio, soon after, also had trouble with a recalcitrant quaestor. Hannibal’s main political reform was to end life tenure of the ‘judges’. Economically, perhaps using skills developed when managing the logistics of his Italian campaign, he calculated Carthage’s revenues and ended embezzlement. The unpopularity with the ruling class so generated, and Roman diplomatic pressure, caused him to flee permanently. Carthage’s second-century economy is evaluated.

The NHS, the great survivor of the post-war consensus, faced a period of considerable uncertainty. This chapter will examine if, and how, the Conservatives have changed the NHS in the face of economic pressures, technological advances, demographic change, changing expectations and the pandemic. Any analysis of the health policy of a government is incomplete without examining the wider state of social care and its relation to healthcare policy.

There are many different varieties of automatic weather stations (AWSs) available, and a huge range of different applications for them. This chapter suggests a structured approach to specifying AWS features to meet any particular requirement, provides a short guide to AWS products and services available (from consumer brands to sophisticated professional systems capable of unattended operation in remote areas) and offers guidance in selecting one or more options from the multiplicity of product offerings on the market.

Einsteins field equations are derived and discussed. It is argued that the Einstein tensor is proportional to the energy-momentum tensor and the constant of proportionality is derived by demanding that Newton’s Universal Law of gravitation be recovered in the non-relativistic limit. The modification of Einstein's equations when a cosmological constant is introduced is also presented.

This chapter introduces the mechanical property of a fluid when it is at rest. In the absence of shear force, fluid is balanced between pressure force and body force. A universal differential equation is derived to describe the pressure distribution in a static fluid. This equation, can be called hydrostatic equilibrium equation, is the key to solve any fluid static problems. Two typical situations are then discussed as applications of the hydrostatic equilibrium equation, one is static fluid under the action of gravity, the other is fluid under the action of inertial forces. Differences and similarities of fluids and solids in the transfer of force are discussed in the end. Atmospheric pressure at different heights is calculated in the “Expanded Knowledge” section.

Dia, para- and ferromagnetism of rocks and minerals correspond to the wide range of magnetic susceptibility. Atomistic models of dia- and paramagnetism are considered. The Langevin function describes magnetic saturation of paramagnetic particles, whose magnetic susceptibility depends on temperature according to the Curie–Weiß law. Ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism and canted antiferromagnetism are considered. Ferromagnetic minerals are characterized by magnetic domains whose boundaries experience Barkhausen jumps during magnetization-demagnetization. Magnetic domains are separated by Bloch walls. Koenigsberg’s ratio, i.e. the ratio of induced and remanent magnetizations, depends on the shape demagnetization factor a The concept of locking temperature based on the magnetization relaxation time is used to reconstruct paleomagnetic fields, i.e. in the case of magnetic stripes of mid-oceanic ridge basalts. Principles of chemical, pressure and detrital-remanent magnetization. Focus Box 10.1: Magnetic field of a small dipole. Focus Box 10.2: Brillouin function. Focus Box 10.3: Electron shells, orbitals and orbital hybridization. Focus Box 10.4: Extended Weiss model.

Key Learning Points

1. 1. Although intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) form part of a scale in clinical practice, they are different entities as the former may be chronic, but the latter involves acute organ failure.

2. 2. The prevalence of ACS in the intensive care unit has been reported as 8.2 per cent, with a higher prevalence in medical patients (10.5 per cent), compared to the surgical cohort (5 per cent).

3. 3. Palpation of the abdomen is highly unreliable as a method of detection.

4. 4. A standardised measurement protocol is important to avoid significant inter-individual variability.

5. 5. Management of these syndromes should be protocol-based and multi-modal.

A constraint theory approach to creativity can conveniently be conceptualized in five different dimensions each of which captures some important way in which creativity is constrained. The five dimensions have been generated by the empirical patterns from comparing disciplines in the making. The first dimension is a list of the most important empirical types of constraints that emerge from theoretical sensitization of comparative data. All creative processes are constrained by physical constraints which was first noted by Hegel in his lectures on aesthetics and rediscovered be Elster. The important role of prototypes has been noticed by the art historian Ragnar Josephson and the literary theorist Johan Svedjedal. The role of knowledge constraints was noted by Randall Collins and elaborated by me. Rules of the game were discovered by Aristotle (theoretical, productive, practical knowledge) and rediscovered by Wittgenstein. Motivations have been at the core of sociopsychological and economic theories of creativity.

The decolonization, a process that leads to the nominal independence and international recognition of states, gained momentum in the late-1950s, having its peak in 1960, the African year, when 18 colonies, protectorates, and trust territories became independent. This chapter explores the decolonization of Africa from three perspectives: of the colonial powers, of the colonial states, i.e. the colonies themselves, and of the international system. It argues that there is not one explanation to capture the decolonization. Only if we scrutinize decolonisation from all three perspectives, we are able to comprehend that process in its complexity.