Chapter 7 studies the case of Mexico, whose security situation has deteriorated dramatically over the last decade. It shows that, although a crisis-driven explanation would predict elites’ investment in strengthening the state, the federal government has not adopted – or even entertained – security taxes. Instead, this chapter shows how Mexican elites have been relatively less affected than their counterparts elsewhere in the region because of the geographic concentration of crime outside of Mexico City. This has translated into much less pressure on the federal government to address the public-safety situation. Consequently, elites’ impetus to invest in the fiscal strengthening of the state has been subdued at the national level and has taken place instead at the state level.

Chapter 6 turns to popular culture, especially poetry written by the city of Veracruz’s official chronicler Francisco Rivera, to explore how little the elite constructions of blackness detailed in previous chapters permeated the public sphere in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Reading the same Cuban intellectuals who helped Baqueiro Foster and Katherine Dunham Africanize “La bamba,” Rivera adopted an Afro-Cuban vernacular to define the city of Veracruz’s musical and historical relationship to the African Diaspora. A symbol of the city’s identity, his verse articulates a collective cultural memory rooted in the history of public spaces: the city’s main square, streets, parks, and piers. It blackens the city’s identity while lamenting the declining popularity the Afro-Cuban musical genres, chiefly danzón, that had enlivened local culture in the nineteenth century and especially during the 1910 Revolution. In short, he argued that, to resuscitate Veracruz’s African-descended musical heritage, the national elite needed to celebrate its festive improvisation and polyvocality: two pillars of the political participation that epitomized the democratic yearnings of the 1910 Revolution. Without the danzón’s resurgence, postrevolutionary democracy would remain a farce, and the PRI would continue to rule without regard for the people it supposedly represented.