Old French (OF) determiners (D), which are optional, show a three-way split between definite (def), indefinite(indf), and expletive(expl) D. We develop a nano-syntactic analysis of these three paradigms, according to which the nominal spine is associated with a series of functional heads that include Number, Gender, D, and Kase. We test the predictions of the formal analysis with a quantitative analysis of corpus data from two 12th century Anglo-Norman texts – Le voyage de saint Brendan (B) and Lais de Marie de France (MdF) – which indicates that over a 60-year span, there are changes in the distribution of D. This presents itself in three ways. First, a decline in expletive D in MdF correlates with an increase in the use of D with masculine (m) non-count nouns (nNON-CT) Second, while B lacks an overt indefinite plural (pl) D, MdF has one in the form of des. Third, with count nouns(nCT), while feminine (f) nouns favour the absence of determiners in B, there is no gender effect in MdF. While the first two changes are predicted by the formal analysis, the third is not. More broadly, the results of our quantitative study provide a more nuanced picture of the factors that govern the distribution of D in OF: they confirm that – relative to conditioning the absence of D (D-drop) – definiteness, grammatical function, and number are stable factors, gender is not a stable factor, and word order does not play a significant role.

The hypothesis that Old French was not a verb-second (V2) language, but rather a Topic-initial language, is evaluated in a corpus of verb initial (V1) and V2 matrix clauses extracted from a corpus of 12th- and 13th-century texts. It is shown that the initial constituent of V2 clauses is not always a Topic; it may be part of the informational Focus, or it could be an element that is neither Topic nor Focus. In addition, in V1 and V2 sentences with subject inversion, the postverbal subject may be an informational Topic, contrary to the hypothesis that subjects must move to the preverbal position to avoid being interpreted as part of the informational Focus. Therefore, from an Information-Structure point of view, Old French is similar to a standard V2 language like German. However, certain differences between 12th- and 13th-century texts could suggest that the use of the left periphery evolved during the period considered.

Old French subject pronouns (Spro) were omissible if postverbal (Foulet 1928), but not freely so (Vance 1997, Zimmermann 2014). This article addresses their partial omissibility in discourse-syntax terms, following work on partial null subject languages by Holmberg and Nikanne (2002) and Modesto (2008). An observational study of dialogic responses in 13th century prose romances is first reported, finding strong indications of covariation between the Topic/Focus status of an initial non-subject constituent and the expression/omission of post-verbal Spro. A quantitative investigation, in such texts, of preposed discourse-linked anaphoric constituents and preposed intensifiers, taken as diagnostic of Topichood and Focushood respectively, confirmed this analysis. We take null Spro to be available (i) when a null Topic operator targets left-peripheral TopicP, and (ii) with a left-peripheral Focused expression. When a discourse-linked non-subject constituent occupies TopicP, however, Spro must be overt.

Old French (OF) is often characterized as a Germanic-style asymmetric V2 language, although this characterization is often questioned. The present study evaluates the nature of OF V2 from a quantitative perspective. An extensive set of data provided by syntactically annotated corpora shows that both IP and CP structure change over the OF period. Focusing on Germanic inversion – XVS word order – I argue that most of the attested inversion in OF occurs within an elaborated IP structure and that this type of subject inversion dwindles over time due to the decreasing use of null expletives. True Germanic-style embedded V2 does not appear until the late 12th century, and is only rarely used throughout the 13th century. Thus, OF is an asymmetric V2 language, but with a difference, namely in having an IP field that allows for apparent V2 orders and a CP field that is only marginally employed.

This article investigates the loss of aboutness topics in preverbal position in the history of French, using a corpus-based research on preverbal accusative objects. A comparison of Old and Middle French with Modern French reveals that new-information focalization had disappeared by the 14th century, whereas aboutness topicalization had in turn vanished by the end of the 16th century, along with other marked constructions. Combined with the generative premise that independent pragmatic factors should not trigger syntactic change, the results of this study suggest the reanalysis of the grammar as V-to-I in Renaissance French is responsible for blocking the derivation of aboutness topicalization. An alternative proposal based on phase extension and on Relativized Minimality, in a version affecting some types of A′-movement, relates those two diachronic shifts. The article concludes with the idea that the study of marked constructions may be recast as offering diagnostics on broader syntactic changes.

Cet article examine l’évolution de la négation phrastique en ancien français dans une optique sociohistorique. En ancien français, la négation simple (ne + verbe) se voit de plus en plus concurrencée par la variante novatrice renforcée (ne + verbe + pas/mie/point). Partant de l'hypothèse que la répartition des variantes conservatrice et novatrice varie en partie selon le registre, leurs fréquences sont analysées dans l'oral représenté et dans le récit, deux registres distincts au sein d'un même texte. Dans certains textes, la distribution des variantes s'avère conditionnée par le registre, l'oral représenté contenant davantage de négation renforcée que le récit. En outre, les données laissent entrevoir un effet du sexe, l'oral représenté des hommes étant plus novateur quant à la négation que celui des femmes. Ces résultats indiqueraient que le choix de forme de négation possédait une valeur sociostylistique à l’époque en question.

Cet article a pour objet la réévaluation de la chronologie de la perte du statut de langue à sujet optionnel du français. Traditionnellement, on suppose que ce processus de changement syntaxique a lieu entre le passage de l’ancien au moyen français: le sujet nul aurait commencé à perdre sa prépondérance au XIIIe siècle pour devenir minoritaire dans la deuxième moitié du XVe siècle. Cette supposition est cependant basée sur le témoignage de textes littéraires. Ayant une visée stylistique, les textes littéraires sont connus pour leur conservatisme. Ce conservatisme pose la question de la fiabilité de leur témoignage pour la chronologie et le processus du changement linguistique effectif (Ingham sous presse). Une meilleure compréhension du changement linguistique pourrait être développée par l'étude des textes légaux, moins assujettis que les textes littéraires à des préoccupations d’ordre stylistique. Cette étude suggère qu’au début du XIIIe siècle, l’ancien français avait déjà perdu la possibilité d’omettre le sujet. En outre, les corrélations avec l’impersonnel et le type de proposition y diffèrent de celles qu’on retrouve dans les textes littéraires, invitant à une réévaluation des causes de ce changement.