Revisionist literature portrays a British counter-terror stretching across 1948–9, if not longer. This chapter shows how, in fact, counter-terror was ‘bureacratised’ in 1949, becoming far more controlled but also larger-scale, with ‘structural violence’ (slow-burn long-term reduction in life chances due to deportation, huts burned etc.) taking off as excess killings declined. Meanwhile, the insurgents tried, and failed, to establish main bases and larger forces. On failing, they switched to attempting to build multiple, local-based company-level forces, more indirect roots towards growing their strength. This sent incident levels soaring again. This chapter therefore revises the revisionist accounts, but just as importantly tells a cohrent story about the main-base strategy that the MCP hoped would set it on the path to victory, and its replacement strategy of building from more numerous, smaller base areas.

The conclusion gives sweeping summaries of four different angles on the Emergency and of how they inter-relate. These are the government perspective, the insurgent perspective, the local perspective and the perspective of practitioners and scholars who have held the Malayan Emergency up as a counterinsurgency case study for global study, if not emulation. In so doing the Conclusion rejects myths about the primacy of violence and of hearts-and-minds measures alike, instead showing how strong control and big operations remained key to destroying the influence of MCP committees where they remained influential, even as persuasive measures and white areas became more important elsewhere. The Conclusion also revisists the question of violence and harm, highlighting how their intensity and prevalence changed markedly over different conflict phases. Terror and government counter-terror (‘pressure’) were high in 1948, transmuting into structural harm in 1949, and were replaced by a determination to outbalance harms with social goods as resettlement acccelerated across 1950–2. It finishes with the hope that the book’s sensitivity to variegation across place and time will inform future studies, and future debates about causation, impact and significance of the Emergency, both for Malaysia itself and for more universal study of counterinsurgency.