English and Japanese have very different word order and form one of the most difficult language pairs for translating each other. In statistical machine translation, it is well known that the translation accuracy between distant languages such as English and Japanese, is significantly lower than that between similar languages such as English and French. In this article, we describe a series of works done at our research groups in NTT to solve the problems in statistical machine translation between language pairs with very different word order such as Japanese and English.

This chapter offers an original study of the translation and circulation of the World Health Organisation Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (DWQG) (Third Edition) first published in 2004 by the Japanese Water Works Association. The translation of the principles and the suggestions put forward by authoritative, international health organisations in national contexts requires not only high quality translations, but also relies on the existence of an effective society-wide transmission network able to link together the main sources of information: governmental agencies, industrial and business sources, on the one hand, and the end users of the information distributed, on the other, that is, a wide range of industrial sectors associated with water. Using quantitative corpus linguistic methods and political discourse analysis frameworks, this study identifies and constructs a formalised empirical model of the social dissemination and adaptation of translated international drinking water health guidelines in Japan. This study illustrates, through the use of structural equation modelling, firstly, the main sources of information in Japan that drive and facilitate the distribution of translated health concepts, standards and regulatory approaches originally suggested in the WHO document; secondly, the mediating effect of the mass media, especially newspapers and magazines, on the transmission of translated information to industrial sectors; and thirdly, the differences in the attribution by direct and mediating sources of information of social accountability among industrial sectors in regard to the materialisation of four key aspects of the WHO drinking water quality guidelines: targets, standards, approaches, and actions.