This chapter considers how the zonbi has served twentieth-century Haitian writers as a valuable trope through which to account for and contest the horrors of everyday life under and in the wake of Duvalierism. The chapter examines the literary configuration of the zonbi from three distinct yet interrelated perspectives: as a figure of immanent and even imminent revolt; as a lens through which to reckon with gender in Haiti and beyond; and as a metaphor for the alienation and trauma of exile. The chapter calls for an appreciation of the zonbi as a popular cultural figure whose inherent ambivalence has allowed Haiti’s writers to embrace the unresolved tensions of the nation’s oft-evoked resilience in the face of seemingly relentless tragedy, both within the island and in its diasporas.

Building on the hypothesis of the Proclamation by Dessalines in Gonaïves on January 1, 1804, as the primary textual source of the Haitian tragedy with its two main features, warning or caution and explanation or clarification, which largely defines the novels of the Haitian tradition, this chapter makes a detailed analysis of this corpus published both in Haiti and abroad between 1901 and 1961. Showing the coherence of this body of tragic stories reported in a Haitian French language by narrators claiming to be Haitian depicting Haiti and its inhabitants, it also demonstrates its historical diversity. Exposing the main stages of its evolution, it highlights the genesis of these works over four main periods: the 1900s, its emergence as national novel with the publication in 1901 of Thémistocle-Épaminondas Labasterre by Frédéric Marcelin followed in 1905 by Justin Lhérisson’s La Famille des Pitite-Caille and Fernand Hibbert’s Séna; the 1910s–20s, its decline after the US occupation of Haiti; 1931–50, its Golden Age with writers who get international recognition; and the 1950s, the rise of Jacques Stephen Alexis and the beginning of the definite fall of the genre.