The chapter proposes a novel interpretative account that functionally constructs the UNCLOS requirement of ship manning. The legal rationale underlying the argument in favor of functional flexibility is informed by the international regulatory developments at the level of the International Maritime Organization and considers that technological progress is best served by the emerging law-making philosophy of setting goal-based standards. The posited methodology further proposes that the functional interpretation of manning shall be linked to a test for reviewing the flag state margin of discretion in the context of the obligation to take measures toward achieving and maintaining comprehensive safety at sea for autonomous ships.

Hull inspection in the operational routine of commercial shipping is a regulatory obligation. This ensures seamless and smooth operations of commercial shipping vital to the global economy and the international supply chain. Failure to carry out these tasks may result in adverse consequences for the industry, leading to poor maintenance, poor performance and increased fuel consumption. In this era of digital advancement, service robots are integrated into the rudimentary manual inspection system. The systems are based on machine learning and capable of interacting with the environment to achieve preset goals and offer affordable and efficient alternatives. These advanced artificial intelligence–based alternatives are set to change the entire survey and maintenance landscape. While technological advancements continue, the regulatory governance side to these alternative technological solutions is gathering momentum and calls for a state-of-the-art analysis in light of the standardized requirements at play under the existing international regime.

Technological advances have transformed shipping and global trade. The changed environment also includes increased vulnerability and electronic attacks targeting firms plying the high seas. The response to these challenges includes national action, multinational guidance and private-sector direction. The resulting array of authorities has produced an ad hoc approach to cybersecurity. Efforts at the International Maritime Organization include resolutions on cyber risk management. United States responses include policy, directives and law. The European Union has similarly promulgated extensive guidance on maritime cybersecurity. And, the private sector has developed guidelines to address maritime cyber challenges. Collaboration and the identification of authorities in this environment is crucial, yet no single model exists. This chapter chronicles the collection of efforts to protect electronic systems and networks in maritime cybersecurity, including an examination of a treaty used primarily for countering piracy that may offer crucial legal authority to prosecute illicit cyber activity. This chapter concludes with five recommendations to improve cooperation.