This chapter revises our understanding about the causes, contours, and myths of the Heimat Renaissance of the 1970s and 1980s. It begins by reconstructing left-wing intellectual debates about Heimat and shows how efforts to re-engage with Heimat emerged as a result of the fragmentation of the 68er movement and a sense of crisis on the political left. Re-engagement was driven by beliefs that new rhetoric about overcoming Heimat could not be translated into practice and that disengagement had resulted in a weakened “homeless left.” The chapter then turns to grassroots groups who evoked Heimat to combat a culture of technocratic planning. The chapter challenges arguments that these movements reflected the birth of a radically new Heimat idea and shows how they developed longer-standing federalist ideas about Heimat and democracy. More inclusively minded Heimat enthusiasts in larger cities like Cologne and Hamburg, meanwhile, retooled earlier ideas of local tolerance to combat persistent discrimination of immigrant populations. Left-wing re-engagement with Heimat, however, remained fiercely contested.

This chapter examines the first systematic efforts to eliminate the Heimat concept. The chapter shows how they emerged in the early 1960s amidst a period of Cold War crisis. Expellee claims to a right to Heimat in the East lurched to the centre of the greatest foreign policy debate of the period and represented a major barrier to rapprochement with the Eastern bloc. Supporters of rapprochement took up two conflicting strategies in confronting expellee Heimat rhetoric. The first challenged how the expellee societies understood the concept, while the second involved arguing that desire for Heimat was inherently fascist. The chapter shows how other generational, demographic, and economic developments also shaped the anti-Heimat movement. While earlier focus on Heimat had been tied to its loss, long-term economic growth, completed reconstruction, and decline in mobility rates led earlier preoccupation with Heimat to ebb. A number of activists on the extra-parliamentary left, many of whom sought re-engagement in the 1970s, also described attachment to local Heimat as inherently exclusionary, reactionary, overly emotional, militarist, or a blockage to international revolutionary change.