Due to the importance of generalized order statistics (GOS) in many branches of Statistics, a wide interest has been shown in investigating stochastic comparisons of GOS. In this article, we study the likelihood ratio ordering of $p$-spacings of GOS, establishing some flexible and applicable results. We also settle certain unresolved related problems by providing some useful lemmas. Since we do not impose restrictions on the model parameters (as previous studies did), our findings yield new results for comparison of various useful models of ordered random variables including order statistics, sequential order statistics, $k$-record values, Pfeifer's record values, and progressive Type-II censored order statistics with arbitrary censoring plans. Some results on preservation of logconvexity properties among spacings are provided as well.

We study the distributions of component and system lifetimes under the time-homogeneous load-sharing model, where the multivariate conditional hazard rates of working components depend only on the set of failed components, and not on their failure moments or the time elapsed from the start of system operation. Then we analyze its time-heterogeneous extension, in which the distributions of consecutive failure times, single component lifetimes, and system lifetimes coincide with mixtures of distributions of generalized order statistics. Finally we focus on some specific forms of the time-nonhomogeneous load-sharing model.

We study the conditions for unimodality of the lifetime distribution of a coherent system when the ordered component lifetimes in the system are described by generalized order statistics. Results for systems with independent and identically distributed lifetimes of components are included in this setting. The findings are illustrated with some examples for different types of systems. In particular, coherent systems with strictly bimodal density functions are presented in the case of independent standard uniform distributed lifetimes of components. Furthermore, we use the results to derive a sharp upper bound on the expected system lifetime in terms of the mean and the standard deviation of the underlying distribution.

In this work we consider the generalized Pólya process with baseline intensity function r and parameters α and β recently studied by Cha (2014). The aim of this work is to provide both univariate and multivariate stochastic comparisons between two generalized Pólya processes with different baseline intensity functions and the same parameters α and β for the epoch and inter-epoch times of the two processes. The comparisons are analogous to stochastic comparisons in Belzunce et al. (2001) for two nonhomogeneous Poisson or pure-birth processes with different intensity functions. Moreover, we study both univariate and multivariate ageing properties of the epoch and inter-epoch times of the generalized Pólya process.

Bounds of the quantile entropy in the past lifetime of some ageing classes are explored firstly. The quantile entropy in the past lifetime of a random variable is shown to be increasing if its expected inactivity time is increasing. Some closure properties of the less quantile entropy in the past lifetime order are obtained under the model of generalized order statistics. Moreover, sufficient conditions are given for a function of a random variable and for a weighted random variable to have more quantile entropy in the past lifetime than original random variable.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, we provide sufficient conditions for the excess wealth order. These conditions are based on properties of the quantile functions which are useful when the dispersive order does not hold. On the other hand, we study sufficient conditions for the comparison in the increasing convex order of spacings of generalized order statistics. These results will be combined to show how we can provide comparisons of quantities of interest in reliability and insurance.