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Asking psychiatric in-patients about their drug consumption is unlikely to yield reliable results, particularly where alcohol and illicit drug use is involved. The main aim of this study was to compare spontaneous self-reports of drug use in hospitalized psychiatric patients to biological measures of same. A secondary aim was to determine which personal factors were associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs as indicated by these biological measures.
Methods
The consumption of substances was investigated using biological measures (urine cotinine, cannabis, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines and barbiturates; blood carbohydrate-deficient transferrin [CDT] and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]) in 486 consecutively admitted psychiatric patients, one day following their hospitalization. Patients’ self-reports of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs consumption were recorded. Socio-professional and familial data were also recorded.
Results
The results show a low correlation between biological measures and self-reported consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs. Fifty-two percent of the patients under-reported their consumption of illicit drugs (kappa = .47). Patients with schizophrenia and personality disorders were more likely to disclose their illicit drug consumption relative to patients suffering from mood disorders and alcohol dependence. Fifty-six percent of patients underreported alcohol use, as evaluated by CDT (kappa = .2), and 37% underreported when using the CDT + GGT measure as an indicator. Smoking appeared to be reported adequately. In the study we observed a strong negative correlation between cannabis use and age, a strong correlation between tobacco and cannabis use, and correlations between tobacco, cannabis and alcohol consumption.
Conclusion
This study is the first to compare self-reports and biological measures of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug uses in a large sample of inpatients suffering from various categories of psychiatric illnesses, allowing for cross-diagnosis comparisons.
Preguntar a los enfermos psiquiátricos hospitalizados sobre su consumo de drogas no suele dar resultados fiables, en particular, cuando existe consumo de alcohol y de estupefacientes. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar los autoinformes espontáneos sobre consumo de drogas en enfermos psiquiátricos hospitalizados con las medidas biológicas del mismo. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar qué factores personales se asociaban con el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas indicado por estas medidas biológicas.
Métodos.
El consumo de sustancias se investigó realizando medidas biológicas [cotinina, cannabis, opiáceos, cocaína, anfetaminas y barbitúricos en orina; transferrina deficiente en carbohidratos (TDC) y gamma-glutamil transferasa (GGT) en sangre] en 486 enfermos psiquiátricos ingresados consecutivamente, un día después de su hospitalización. Se registraron los autoinformes de los pacientes sobre consume de alcohol, tabaco y drogas. También se registraron los datos socio-profesionales y familiares.
Resultados.
Los resultados demuestran que hay una correlación baja entre las medidas biológicas y la autodescripción del consume de alcohol y drogas. El 52% de los pacientes describieron un consumo de drogas inferior a la realidad (kappa = 0,47). Los pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastornos de personalidad tenían más probabilidades de revelar su consumo de drogas que los pacientes con dependencia del alcohol y trastornos del ánimo. El 56% de los pacientes describieron un consumo de alcohol inferior a la realidad, evaluado por TDC (kappa = 0,2) y el 37% describieron un consumo inferior a la realidad usando la medida de TDC + GGT como indicador. El tabaquismo se describió adecuadamente. En el estudio observamos una correlación negativa fuerte entre el consumo de cannabis y la edad, una correlación fuerte entre el tabaco y el consumo de cannabis y correlaciones entre el consumo de tabaco, cannabis y alcohol.
Conclusión.
Este estudio es el primero que comparó los autoinformes y las medidas biológicas de alcohol, tabaco y consumos de drogas en una muestra numerosa de enfermos hospitalizados que padecen varios tipos de enfermedades psiquiátricas, teniendo en cuenta las comparaciones diagnósticas cruzadas.
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