This chapter presents a practical clinical approach to the neurological examination in Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry (BN&NP). The upper body examination during a complete physical usually ends with auscultation of the heart and lungs. Assessment of the olfactory nerves is especially important in the evaluation of persons with traumatic brain injury as well as neurodegenerative disorders involving medial temporal structures and/or cholinergic dysfunction. Funduscopic examination, testing of visual fields, and visual acuity testing are used to assess the optic nerves. The examiner looks for muscle fasciculations and atrophy throughout the examination. Tone, reflexes, strength, sensation, and coordination in the arms must also be examined. The heel-knee-shin test is the most common assessment of coordination in the lower extremities. The Romberg test is begun by asking the patient to stand erect with his feet together, eyes open, and arms down.