Between the twelfth and the fourteenth century, the Mediterranean Sea facilitated cultural exchange with profound effects on music. Chapter 8 witnesses the interaction of artists and musicians from Muslim, Jewish, and Christian traditions in Mediterranean locations such as Sicily and Iberia (now Spain and Portugal). We look at the cultural backdrop to the Cantigas de Santa Maria compiled at the court of Alfonso X of Castile-León, observing influences from Arabic and Hebrew poetry as well as Occitan and French song. Pilgrimage was another facilitator of travel and exchange, and repertories of polyphony and song from the pilgrimage sites of Santiago de Compostela and Montserrat point to the musical sounds that accompanied these journeys. A practical singing exercise offers readers a taste of the pilgrimage experience, by singing one of the songs provided for the rowdy pilgrims at Montserrat. In Italy, new religious movements inspired by St Francis of Assisi generated vernacular devotional songs in the form of the lauda, and in the fourteenth century - the era of Dante and Petrarch - the use of the Italian language for literature and song became paramount.

This final chapter explores competition between Franciscan reform traditions over jurisdiction in the Custody to understand the Holy Land's importance as a Franciscan sacred landscape, and custodial administration as a manifestation of Franciscan authority and legitimacy.