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1 results

  • Chapter 2 - How Social, Emotional, and Motivational Forces Affect Facial Appearance over Time

  • from Part I - Basic Processes
  • Edited by Ursula Hess, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Reginald B. Adams, Jr., Pennsylvania State University, Robert E. Kleck, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
  • Book:
    Emotion Communication by the Aging Face and Body
    Published online:
    07 December 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023, pp 25-53

  • Summary

    Past research has shown that older adults’ neutral facial expressions can accumulate visible traces of the emotions that they have experienced most frequently in their lives (Adams et al., 2016; Malatesta et al., 1987). But what factors determine the emotions that a person habitually experiences? Moreover, what other factors influence or modulate changes to the appearance of the face over time? In this chapter, we examine how overlapping social, emotional, and motivational forces can shape an individual’s emotional experiences, self-presentation, and other aspects of their life and behavior, and discuss how this can in turn lead to changes in the appearance of the face. We review how factors such as culture, social group memberships, and stereotypes determine how these three forces may affect a given individual and the appearance of their face as they age; we furthermore explore how the appearance of the face can remain consistent over time.