The chapter explores the origin of APEC’s trans-regional structure and operating mechanism, which is based on the 1995 Osaka Action Agenda designed to fulfil the Bogor Goals. It also explains APEC’s credibility crisis due to the failure of premature liberalization efforts and its inability to assist countries during the Asian financial crisis. Furthermore, the chapter provides insight into key APEC members’ legal and political approaches that have affected APEC’s evolution and agendas. For instance, the US Indo-Pacific strategy, China’s Belt and Road Initiative and ASEAN’s AEC Blueprint 2025 have influenced APEC’s current connectivity initiative involving infrastructure development. To evaluate APEC’s incremental achievements, the chapter centers on APEC’s FTA-related model measures, trade facilitation essential to the regional supply chain, and tariff liberalization for information technology and environmental products. Finally, taking into account the APEC Putrajaya Vision 2040, the chapter provides recommendations for APEC’s legal and institutional reforms. The feasible pathways to the FTAAP, including the CPTPP and the RCEP, will also be examined in the context of new Asian regionalism.

Fast-growing trade and investment agreements in the Asia-Pacific have attracted tremendous academic and government attention. This book introduces theoretical lenses and assesses major regional economic initiatives and institutions, as well as trade policies of Asian powers, the EU and the United States. Distinct from the conventional country-specific approach to understanding regionalism, the book focuses on the ASEAN Plus Six framework and its international implications. Building on case studies in preceding chapters, this final chapter summarizes key findings and recommendations for the Global South and the multilateral trading system.