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2 results

  • 9 - Airstream Mechanisms: Clicks, Implosives, Ejectives, Esophageal Speech

  • Ian R. A. MacKay, University of Ottawa
  • Book:
    Phonetics and Speech Science
    Published online:
    19 May 2023
    Print publication:
    11 May 2023, pp 211-229

  • Summary

    Airstream mechanism refers to the mechanism by which air pressure or airflow is created in order to power speech production. The most basic and universal is the pulmonic airstream mechanism, whereby the lungs power an egressive airflow that produces both an airstream and a heightened air pressure when the vocal tract is blocked. The glottalic airstream mechanism involves vertical movement of the larynx with closed glottis, pushing air upward or drawing air in. This mechanism produces ejectives (glottalized consonants) and implosives. The velaric airstream mechanism produces clicks and is powered by tongue movements. Esophageal speech is produced by a controlled release of air from the esophagus (i.e., belching) in which the vibration of the esophageal sphincter substitutes for the vibration of the vocal folds.

  • Ejective stops in Hittite: evidence for a phonemic length distinction

  • Alwin Kloekhorst
  • Journal:
    Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies / Volume 85 / Issue 2 / June 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 August 2022, pp. 149-163
    Print publication:
    June 2022
    • Article
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  • In this article, it is argued that Hittite did not only possess a series of long ejective stops, as has previously been proposed, but that it also knew a series of short ejective stops. In this way, the Hittite stop system can be analysed as consisting of two types of stops, plain and ejective ones, with both types showing a length opposition: plain short /t/ vs. plain long /tː/, and ejective short /t’/ vs. ejective long /t’ː/.