This chapter adopts techniques from historical poetics to understand the queerness of American poetry before 1850. It suggests a set of techniques and methods as descriptive of queer historical poetics. It places poetry in its historical context to determine how queerness has changed across early American history. By examining poetry from Puritan New England, eighteenth-century American satires, verse of the American Revolution, and poetic collaborations from the early Republic, this chapter shows how poetry was understood to be queer in colonial American and the early republic. It suggests a relationship between queerness and formalism that looks for the ways queer sociabilities and ordinary queerness appeared in traditions of American poetry, and how these forms might challenge our idea of queer poetry as always intent on being radical, deviant, or innovative. Queer historical poetics restores sexuality to discussions of the formalist and poetic traditions of American poetry before 1850 while borrowing from queer studies the demand for relevancy.

Although Spanish-speaking lands are often imagined as lands of sexual intolerance, Buenos Aires is better characterized by ineffectual repression and by its recent celebration of sexual diversity. In this chapter we analyze sexuality in Buenos Aires against the backdrop of economic, socio-demographic, cultural, and political transformations that often undermined the regulations of authorities. The decades between 1880, when Buenos Aires became the capital, and the overthrow of President Juan Perón in 1955 were crucial for the formation of modern Argentina and constitute its focus. We begin with some preceding historical trends in the colonial and early independent era, and end with a succinct analysis of a few salient trends after 1955, especially those leading to Buenos Aires becoming a leader of LGBTQ+ rights in the twenty-first century. We discuss immigration, class differences in sexual behaviours, commercialized sex, sexual diversity with marica and homosexual identities, the rise of family sociability, and the push for sexual ‘normalcy’.

There is a daunting array of statistical “methods” out there – regression, ANOVA, loglinear models, GLMMS, ANCOVA, etc. They often are treated as different data analysis approaches. We take a more holistic view. Most methods biologists use are variations on a central theme of generalized linear models – relating a biological response to a linear combination of predictor variables. We show how several common “named” methods are related, based on classifying biological response and predictor variables as continuous or categorical. We use simple regression, single-factor ANOVA, logistic regression, and two-dimensional contingency tables to show how these methods all represent generalized linear models with a single predictor. We describe how we fit these models and outline their assumptions.

Chapter 3 examines post-1873 depression-era Ottoman novels and plays that articulate a language of difference by juxtaposing the success of industrious heroes against the failure of consumerist dandy anti-heroes. The representation of industrious and dandy characters in fin-de-siècle Istanbul shows the interconnectedness and interdependence between novels and the discourses and practices of productivity, in sharing the same new moral universe. Differing from the normative and distant language of the morality authors, or the authoritative and punitive language of the bureaucratic reforms explored in Chapters 1 and 2, the playful voices of novelists displayed dynamic and at times ambivalent representations of the idle and dandy, as an alternate, yet socially undesirable form of self-fashioning. By pitting a hardworking and upwardly mobile hero against the dandy anti-hero, novels thematized the period’s concern with valuing work as a constitutive element of character and nation-building, and also drew boundaries that defined who was and was not included in the nation. As a forum in which citizenship was debated, fiction established difference using ridicule, marginalization, and even criminalization as a social intervention.

When Eastern opened in 1829 and became the first prison to implement fully the Pennsylvania System, it theoretically could have offered a competitor model to the Auburn System. Instead, soon after it opened, commentators revived earlier criticisms of solitary confinement and took aim at Eastern and its supporters, especially its administrators. During the 1830s and 1840s, Eastern became a deviant prison—both as one of the few American prisons to follow the Pennsylvania System as well as a heavily criticized prison. This chapter traces that process. It introduces the origins and propagators of the most frequent calumnious myths about the Pennsylvania System and their influence on other states and prisons' decisions to avoid or abandon the Pennsylvania System. Finally, it discusses the impact of deviance on Eastern's administrators, who were just as criticized as the system they implemented. This criticism became was in the process by which the Pennsylvania System became personally institutionalized at Eastern.

This chapter draws on the works of key labelling theorists Howard Becker, Edward Lemert and Stanley Cohen to explore how individuals come to be labelled as deviant or criminal, the subsequent impact that labelling and stigmatisation can have on behaviour, and the need to carefully consider interventions to social issues that go beyond ‘law and order’ responses. First, the theoretical underpinnings of labelling theory, which are found within the sociological perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism, are discussed.

What is crime? What is deviance? Who is a criminal? Who are deviants? Understanding the terms crime, deviance and norms is an essential starting point for anyone wishing to engage with the wide range of explanations available for the causes, and by extension the responses developed by societies to address behaviours categorised as ‘criminal’ or ‘deviant’. In this chapter we will explore the following assertions: that crime and deviance are social constructs; that explanations for crime and deviance are best understood as theories; and that ‘social control’ that is, responses to behaviours categorised as criminal or deviant, are politicised. Those behaviours that end up receiving ‘punishment’ or social disapproval are not always the behaviours that cause the greatest ‘harm’ to societies.

This chapter will explain how modern developments in crime control can be traced back to the original formulae of positivism. Finally, there is a summary of the implications of key elements of positivism for future practices aimed at reducing the risk of crime. After reading this chapter you will be better able to both appreciate and critique the role of positivism as it has impacted the field of criminal justice. This knowledge is key to navigating the complex terrain of policy and practice in the criminal justice domain, from policing to courts and on to correctional practices.

Chapter 3 discusses the relation between scale and cohesion, defined here as the togetherness of a community, or the sense in which members identify and behave as a coherent, unitary group. We regard cohesion as a first-order sociological effect of scale with repercussions for political outcomes. Features associated with cohesion include homogeneity, trust, dense networks, strong norms, and the more general concept of social capital. Since we cannot explore all these facets in a single chapter, we focus on three elements of cohesion with presumed relevance to politics: heterogeneity, connectedness, and deviance. We review existing studies on the relation between scale and these three indicators of cohesion, and we regress various measures of ethnic and/or linguistic diversity on population. The results show a strong relationship between scale and heterogeneity and connectedness, while the effects of size on (perceptions of) deviance are somewhat less clear. While size seems to enhance deviant behavior, we argue that deviance is a matter of perception, with existing studies pointing to a positive relationship between perceptions of crime and the size of a community.

During the past 150 years, psychiatrists and psychologists have detected a wide array of mental and behavioural abnormalities in humans, ranging from hysteria, neurosis, and mental deficiency (“feeblemindedness”) to psychopathy, sexual perversions, alcoholism, and criminality. In particular, the differentiation between everyday neuroses and severe mental disorders or psychoses has played an all-important role since the late nineteenth century. In their milder forms, neuroses were deemed equivalent to the common cold, while psychoses were heavily stigmatising and incapacitating mental disturbances. What was common to both neuroses and psychoses was that they indicated an abnormal state of mind. This chapter examines the early phase of the modern history of abnormal psychology in the Western cultural sphere. First, it looks at the idea and term of abnormality and its conceptual relations with “deviance” and “maladjustment.” Then it outlines the early history of the psychopathological studies on abnormality, focusing on key figures such as Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Gustav Jung. From these pioneers the chapter moves on to examine experimental neuroses and psychopathy, perhaps the most widely known form of maladjustment and abnormality. In conclusion, the most recent trends in abnormal psychology are discussed.