The ammonia removal ability of heterotrophic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis strain No.4 isolated from sewage sludge was examined in a batch operation to mitigate ammonia from piggery wastewater, consequently preventing pollution by the inflow of wastewater from piggeries adjacent to rivers. If this process works functionally, it can be effective in controlling nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrate (NO3−) emissions derived from animal agriculture, the heterotrophic nitrifying and the aerobic denitrifying effect of A. faecalis strain No.4 on high-strength ammonium (NH4+-N) were evaluated in wastewater collected from a piggery. The removal rate by A. faecalis strain No.4 on high-strength ammonium (NH4+-N) was 0.97 kg N/m3/day which was more than 100 fold greater than that achieved using conventional aerobic nitrification and anaerobic denitrification processes. An aerobic one-step denitrification system using A. faecalis strain No.4 can be proposed to remove ammonia and phytopathogens from piggery wastewater with high efficiency and prevent water pollution in adjacent rivers.

Denitrification occurring in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea produces nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms controlling denitrification's intensity and evaluate its influence on the global climate at various timescales. We studied multiple geochemical and isotopic proxies in a sediment core from the southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) at a high (centennial-scale) resolution. We find that since the last glacial period, both the ventilation and the productivity caused by the South Asian summer monsoon played a major role in controlling the denitrification variability in SEAS. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and since the Holocene, denitrification increased in SEAS despite reduced monsoon-induced productivity. During the LGM, weakened thermohaline circulation resulted in reduced ventilation of the intermediate waters of SEAS, causing increased denitrification. During the Holocene, the increase in denitrification is caused by an enhanced inflow of oxygen-depleted Red Sea and Persian Gulf waters into the intermediate depth of SEAS owing to a rising sea level that prohibited ventilation by the Antarctic Intermediate Water. We further find millennial-scale synchronicity between denitrification in SEAS, global monsoons, and the North Atlantic climate, implying systematic linkages via greenhouse gases abundance.

Urine is a critical nitrogen (N) input in temperate grazed grasslands and can drive substantial nitrous oxide (N2O) production in soils. However, it remains unclear how differences in the N input rate affect N2O fluxes and vary between different grassland soils. The effect of increasing urine N application on ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations and N2O production was tested in two grassland soils, a free-draining loam and an imperfectly drained sandy-loam. It was hypothesized that high-urine N application rates would lead to ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) accumulation influencing N transformation rates and N2O production which differ between grassland soils. Fresh cattle urine was applied at rates equivalent to 300 and 1000 kg N/ha in an aerobic incubation experiment. Soils were destructively sampled over 80 days to measure changes in inorganic-N and pH. The higher N addition rate was associated with elevated NH3 concentrations up to day 35 in soils, probably inhibiting NO2− to NO3− reduction. In contrast, there was no inhibition of nitrification in the 300 kg N/ha treatment. Cumulative N2O fluxes were greatest from the 300 kg N/ha treatment for the loam soil, but were greater for the sandy-loam under the 1000 kg N/ha treatment. The results also show that differences in soil properties, in particular carbon availability, can be important in regulating N transformation and N2O production. Collectively, these results demonstrate the proposed mechanism of nitrification inhibition at high-N input rates, driven by either high NH3/NH4 and/or increased levels of NH4HCO3 from urea hydrolysis.

Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), the enzyme responsible for the reduction of N2O to N2 in denitrification, uses copper (Cu) as its cofactor. Its activity is lowered under conditions of Cu deficiency. In general, high organic matter (OM) soil decreases Cu availability. The present study investigated different Cu forms, namely organic (ORG) v. inorganic (INO), and associated concentrations (750, 550, 125, 60 μg Cu/g soil) for their efficacy in affecting denitrification and especially N2OR activity in high OM peat soil in a water saturated anaerobic condition for 24 h. Gas and liquid samples were taken every 8 h and analyzed for NO3−, NO2−, N2O and N2. Inorganic Cu treatments did not affect N transformation rates and N2OR activity among the different treatments (P > 0.05) throughout the incubation compared with the control (CON). The ORG Cu treatments increased NO3− (P < 0.05), NO2− (P < 0.05) and N2O (P < 0.05) transformation rates compared with CON. These changes were ORG Cu dose dependent. N2OR activity increased first in the 750 μg ORG Cu treatment (P < 0.05) during 8 to 16 h followed by the other ORG Cu treatments (P < 0.05) during 16 to 24 h compared with CON. These results highlight the importance of Cu form and concentration on N transformation rate during denitrification. The findings can potentially be applied to systems like soil, wastewater, constructed wetlands, etc., in which reactions of the denitrification pathway are manipulated.

We have studied a number of related processes of the nitrogen cycle in a Brazilian floodplain lake to identify the major pools and pathways over a short time period. The study was centred on the littoral zone dominated by the floating plant Eichhornia azurea, which has a large epiphyte algal community of which heterocystous cyanobacteria were the major components. The water column was continuously undersaturated with oxygen although some elevated values (to 60% saturation) were recorded in the macrophyte beds in the afternoon. Marked diel temperature changes were documented. NH4-N dominated the dissolved N component in the water with maximal values (60 mg m−3) at lowest O2, concentrations early in the morning. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) of the epiphyte community showed marked diel changes with daily values of 5 mg N fixed m−2 day−1 (based on 3:1 C2H4:N2 ratio). Macrophyte NH4-N uptake rates (in situ incubations) were 93 mg N m−2 day−1. The activities of nitrifying bacteria could not be detected with the nitrapyrin block on dark CO2 fixation but denitrification (acetylene block technique) was recorded in the sediments when enhanced with NO-3. The major pathways of aquatic nitrogen involved macrophyte uptake and sediment release of NH4-N.

Nitrogen dynamics were investigated in the top centimeters of bottom sediment in three different geomorphologic units(riffles, sand bars, pools) and along two contrasted reaches (nitrogen-rich, nitrogen-poor) of a rural stream. Some predictionsof links between geomorphology and processes were verified: (i) hydrological exchanges and nitrification were lower in poolsthan in riffles and bars, whereas (ii) ammonification and denitrification were higher in pools. Studies of denitrification potentialin six other reaches of three N-rich streams support these conclusions and demonstrate that pools are spots of high microbialactivity in streams.

Une série d'expérimentations a été réalisée afin de mesurer l'activité dénitrifiante liée aux biodermes périphytiquesse développant sur le lit de la Garonne. Cette activité et la production au sein des biodermes ont été mesurées in vitrodans des chambres photo-respiratoires.La dénitrification a été évaluée par l'accumulation de protoxyde d'azote (N2O) après l'inhibition de sa réduction parl'acétylène. Le N2O produit a été mesuré sur un chromatographe en phase gazeuse à détecteur à capture d'électrons.L'état du bioderme est caractérisé par les paramètres de biomasse, de pigments chlorophylliens et d'activité photosynthétiqueet respiratoire. La production de N2O liée aux biodermes est immédiate et linéaire. En présence de l'acétylèneet à l'obcurité, le taux horaire moyen de dénitrification atteint des valeurs de 423 µg N. g-1 M.O. h-1 dans les chambresanaérobies contre 203 µg N. g-1 M.O. h-1 dans les chambres aérées (7 mg O2 l-1). L'activité dénitrifiante est inhibée à99 % à la lumière et, en présence de l'acétylène, son taux ne dépasse guère 1 µg N. g-1 M.O. h-1.Les taux mesurés dans nos chambres photo-respiratoires, dans les conditions de température et d'éléments nutritifsproches de celles du fleuve, sont très élevés par rapport aux valeurs citées dans la littérature. Ils témoignent de l'importantecontribution qu'apportent les biodermes au processus de dénitrification et, par conséquent, à la réduction de lacharge en nitrates de l'eau de la Garonne.

In the Netherlands the high densities of farm livestock pose a number of problems, particularly with regard to waste disposal. Nitrogen compounds leaching out of animal waste form one of the most serious environmental contaminants. Modified housing systems, such as the use of plastic netting floors for broilers (which speeds up dehydration), often can largely eliminate the release of ammonium gas which gives rise to air pollution. However, this only defers the problem because subsequent application of the droppings to the land, where they become rehydrated, results in the rapid production of ammonia and nitrates through microbial activity. Research at Delft University identified bacteria capable of converting the nitrogen in ammonia to molecular nitrogen gas under aerobic conditions. Subsequent development work at the Spelderholt Institute has established a considerable potential for application. The addition of cultures of the bacteria to the feed is a promising future technology.

L'expérimentation, menée au cours d'un cycle annuel sur deux secteurs différents de la rivière Charente à l'aval d'Angoulème, a pour objectif de quantifier le taux de dénitrification pour les besoins d'un modèle hydrologique nitrates.La méthode de blocage du stade final de la réaction de dénitrification à l'acétylène a permis le dosage du protoxyded'azote à partir de cloches à sédiment et d'un conteneur immergé en pleine eau.Les résultats montrent que, si ce phénomène n'a pas lieu dans la tranche d'eau, la vitesse de dénitrification à l'interfaceeau-sédiment, facteur K exprimé en mg de nitrates dénitrifiés par m2 par jour, peut être considérée comme constante et indépendante des variations en température, en teneurs en nitrates et oxygène dissous de l'interface.Sur un cycle annuel, en l'absence d'influence marquée des paramètres environnementaux, le taux moyen de dénitrification dans la rivière Charente est de 682 mg de NO3- /m2/ j.La comparaison des mesures obtenues par cette méthode à celles évaluées par le calcul (bilan azoté) montre qu'il estpréférable d'estimer le taux de dénitrification par dosage direct plutôt qu'à partir de l'analyse des formes de l'azote(disparition du NO3 - ou défaut du bilan).

Les bactéries du fer isolées des eaux et des sédiments du Sud-Ouest de la France sont soit autotrophes (g. Gallionella), soit hétérotrophes (g. Sphaerotilus, Crenothrix, Siderocapsa, etc...).Les premières sont inféodées à la présence de fer ferreux, alors que les secondes occupent des niches écologiques plus variées, quoique toujours aux limites de stabilité du fer ferreux dans les eaux. Ce dernier point, joint à leur exigence en matière organique, facteur de mobilisation du fer, explique leur rôle dans le colmatage biologique des drains. De plus, il est probable que l'influence des ferrobactéries déborde largement le cadre du cycle du fer.