Experience sampling method (ESM) studies have found an association between daily stress and paranoid symptoms, but it is uncertain whether these findings generalize to physiological indicators of stress. Moreover, the temporality of the association and its moderating factors require further research. Here, we investigate whether physiological and self-rated daily stress predict subsequent paranoid symptoms and analyze the role of emotion regulation as a putative moderator. We applied ESM during 24 h to repeatedly assess heart rate, self-rated stress, and subclinical paranoia in a sample of 67 psychosis-prone individuals as measured with Community Assessment for Psychotic Experiences (CAPE). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation was assessed at baseline with the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ-ES) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. Heart rate (b = 0.004, p < 0.05) and self-rated stress (b = 0.238, p < 0.001) predicted subsequent paranoia. The reverse effect, paranoia as a predictor of subsequent heart rate (b = 0.230, p = 0.615) or self-rated stress (b = –0.009, p = 0.751) was non-significant. Maladaptive emotion regulation was a significant predictor of paranoia (b = 0.740, p < 0.01) and moderated the path from self-rated stress to paranoia (b = 0.188, p < 0.05) but not the path from heart rate to paranoia (b = 0.005, p = 0.09). Our findings suggest a one-way temporal link between daily stress and paranoia and highlight the importance of emotion regulation as a vulnerability factor relevant to this process.

L'objectif principal de cette recherche était de déterminer si les embêtements de la vie quotidienne sont plus fortement reliés au bien-être physique et psychologique chez les personnes âgées que les événements majeurs. Les modèles de prédiction du bien-être physique et psychologique ont été déterminés en fonction de la contribution des embêtements et des événements majeurs ainsi que d'autres variables incluant l'évaluation subjective de la santé. Deux cents personnes âgées ont rapporté les événements majeurs des trois dernières années et les embêtements survenus au cours du dernier mois. Les sujets ont également évalué leur état de santé et le degré d'incapacité dans les activités quotidiennes conséquente à chacune de leurs maladies chroniques. Des analyses de régression multiple par étapes ont montré que (1) l'évaluation subjective de la santé, l'incapacité dans les activités quotidiennes et la fréquence des embêtements sont reliées au bien-être physique et que (2) le bien-être psychologique est associé à la fréquence des embêtements, l'âge et l'incapacité dans les activités de la vie quotidienne. La fréquence des événements majeurs récents ne contribue pas significativement à l'un ou l'autre des modèles. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus selon que l'Échelle des Embêtements ou seulement les items de cette échelle qui ne correspondent pas à des symptômes étaient utilisés dans les analyses de régression. Les résultats suggèrent que la fréquence des embêtements est plus fortement reliée au bien-être chez les personnes âgées que la fréquence des événements majeurs.

In 1999 Hockey postulated the hypothesis that some older people experience a continual accumulation of small, individually minor events or difficulties that degrade their resilience until they ‘cannot cope with another thing’. She referred to this accumulation as cumulative trivia. The essence of cumulative trivia lies in their everyday nature, where regular occurrence and variety of challenge stack up to form perceived threats to an older person's ability to function independently. There is a strong overlap between this concept of cumulative trivia and an established concept in the health psychology literature called daily hassles. Consistent with the mainstream psychology approach, the vast majority of research into daily hassles has been quantitative. In the present article we adopt a critical stance to the knowledge produced from this research, questioning its foundations in the positivist epistemology. In particular the research is criticized for absenting the social context from our understanding of daily hassles, and for focusing too strongly upon the individual. The considerable lack of research into daily hassles in the lives of older people is also highlighted, indicating the need for work in this area. Using a social constructionist framework, we attempt to develop a holistic conceptualization of cumulative trivia, through which some key differences between the cumulative trivia and daily hassles concepts are indicated. We argue that cumulative trivia could be seen within the framework of the daily hassles literature but that this framework would require to be developed further and refined to accommodate the specific characteristics associated with Hockey's concept. We suggest that the social construction of ageing may serve to normalize experiences in ageing such that they become trivialized. Finally we examine how the social construction of independence as an ideal state may create or exacerbate the effects of cumulative trivia, and argue for its reconstruction to legitimize older people's experiences of minor difficulties. Through these arguments we relocate responsibility for cumulative trivia toward the social context.