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2 results

  • 9 - The Carmelites

  • from Part I - Latin Monasticism
  • Bernard Hamilton, University of Nottingham, Andrew Jotischky, Royal Holloway, University of London
  • Book:
    Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States
    Published online:
    08 October 2020
    Print publication:
    22 October 2020, pp 263-271

  • Summary

    The Carmelites were an unique religious Order: the only contemplative Order to owe their foundation entirely to the Crusader States. They were formed in the early thirteenth century from a group of solitaries and hermits who had gathered for safety on Mt Camel, near the new capital of the kingdom of Jerusalem at Acre, and absorbed into a new community by Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem. Their aim was the pursuit of a penitent life in a small regulated community in a fixed location without the burden of property ownership. By the middle of the thirteenth century, however, they had made the transition to being mendicants, and although Mt Carmel remained the spiritual heart of the Order, they had founded houses in the West as well. This chapter examines the origins of the community and the process of transition, situating the Carmelites alongside other models of reform in the Crusader States.

  • 15 - The Catholic church in colonial Brazil

  • from PART THREE - THE CHURCH IN AMERICA
  • Edited by Leslie Bethell
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Latin America
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    06 December 1984, pp 541-556

  • Summary

    The history of the church in Brazil has traditionally been open to two basic interpretations. The first interpretation stems from the attitude of the original colonizer. The second interpretation is attributable to the people who suffered the consequences of the labour demands of the European settlers. There were three predominant religious orders in the Amazon region: the Carmelites, Franciscans and Jesuits. The organization of dioceses and parishes was slow and their influence on Catholic practice in Brazil for a long time minimal. In order to understand the process by which a Christian society developed in Brazil it is important to recognize the problems faced by Portugal when undertaking its colonial enterprise in America. The church was an agent of social control in colonial Brazil in a number of important ways. The church was called upon to create a general climate of agreement in favour of slavery.