The Niger expedition was reconstituted and relaunched under the command of Captain William Gray in 1817. Although it took a different route, it adopted the same methods as its predecessor and met with the same results. Reliant on pack animals to transport its supplies and African rulers to grant it passage through their lands, it ground to a halt when the animals died and the rulers failed to cooperate. A suspicious Bundu regime detained the expedition. Some members deserted; others succumbed to disease. The rest fled to the French trading settlement of Bakel. In a desperate final bid to reach the Niger, Gray led a smaller party to Kaarta, but there too he encountered resistance, forcing his retreat to the coast. Gray’s later career as a settler in Tasmania highlights a key contrast to his experience as an explorer in Africa; unlike Aborigines, Africans held the upper hand in dealing with Europeans.

The chapter describes the involvement of local traders who mastered the political and diplomatic networks of Senegambia, as well as the social realities of Gajaaga. Unlike the French companies, which depended on Europeans, many of whom faced constant political and social difficulties in Gajaaga, the British opted for local traders or at least for foreigners who had a command of local languages and Arabic, which was spoken fluently in Upper Senegal. This chapter depicts the flexibility and the decision-making power of African agents such as Ayouba Diallo, revealing their intellectual and social capacities to create networks within the European aristocracies through diplomatic negotiations. The history of Ayouba is known to historians only by virtue of the unusual character of his enslavement and his peregrinations upon returning to Africa after being freed. The chapter goes back over an unusual phase in Diallos life: his political and diplomatic activities in Gajaaga; his connections in Bundu and London; and his involvement in the rivalries between England and France in Gajaaga. It shows that what lent the sixteenth to the eighteenthh centuries their cosmopolitan, globalized aspect was the expertise and know-how of individuals familiar with navigating the diverse networks of the Atlantic system, Diallo being a prime example.