The factorially normalized Bernoulli polynomials $b_n(x) = B_n(x)/n!$ are known to be characterized by $b_0(x) = 1$ and $b_n(x)$ for $n \gt 0$ is the anti-derivative of $b_{n-1}(x)$ subject to $\int _0^1 b_n(x) dx = 0$. We offer a related characterization: $b_1(x) = x - 1/2$ and $({-}1)^{n-1} b_n(x)$ for $n \gt 0$ is the $n$-fold circular convolution of $b_1(x)$ with itself. Equivalently, $1 - 2^n b_n(x)$ is the probability density at $x \in (0,1)$ of the fractional part of a sum of $n$ independent random variables, each with the beta$(1,2)$ probability density $2(1-x)$ at $x \in (0,1)$. This result has a novel combinatorial analog, the Bernoulli clock: mark the hours of a $2 n$ hour clock by a uniformly random permutation of the multiset $\{1,1, 2,2, \ldots, n,n\}$, meaning pick two different hours uniformly at random from the $2 n$ hours and mark them $1$, then pick two different hours uniformly at random from the remaining $2 n - 2$ hours and mark them $2$, and so on. Starting from hour $0 = 2n$, move clockwise to the first hour marked $1$, continue clockwise to the first hour marked $2$, and so on, continuing clockwise around the Bernoulli clock until the first of the two hours marked $n$ is encountered, at a random hour $I_n$ between $1$ and $2n$. We show that for each positive integer $n$, the event $( I_n = 1)$ has probability $(1 - 2^n b_n(0))/(2n)$, where $n! b_n(0) = B_n(0)$ is the $n$th Bernoulli number. For $ 1 \le k \le 2 n$, the difference $\delta _n(k)\,:\!=\, 1/(2n) -{\mathbb{P}}( I_n = k)$ is a polynomial function of $k$ with the surprising symmetry $\delta _n( 2 n + 1 - k) = ({-}1)^n \delta _n(k)$, which is a combinatorial analog of the well-known symmetry of Bernoulli polynomials $b_n(1-x) = ({-}1)^n b_n(x)$.

General three-point quadrature formulas for the approximate evaluation of an integral of a function f over [0,1], through the values f(x), f(1/2), f(1−x), f′(0) and f′(1), are derived via the extended Euler formula. Such quadratures are sometimes called “corrected” or “quadratures with end corrections” and have a higher accuracy than the adjoint classical formulas, which only include the values f(x), f(1/2) and f(1−x) . The Gauss three-point, corrected Simpson, corrected dual Simpson, corrected Maclaurin and corrected Gauss two-point formulas are recaptured as special cases. Finally, sharp estimates of error are given for this type of quadrature formula.

We obtain a generalized discrete Hilbert and Hardy-Hilbert inequality with non-conjugate parameters by means of an Euler-Maclaurin summation formula. We derive some general results for homogeneous functions and compare our findings with existing results. We improve some earlier results and apply the results to some special homogeneous functions.

A generalization of the odd Bernoulli polynomials related to the quantum Euler top is introduced and investigated. This is applied in order to compute the coefficients of the spectral polynomials for the classical Lamé operator.

In this paper, we resolve a conjecture of Schäffer on the solvability of Diophantine equations of the shape $1^k + 2^k + \dotsb + x^k = y^n$, for $1 \leq k \leq 11$. Our method, which may, with a modicum of effort, be extended to higher values of k, combines a wide variety of techniques, classical and modern, in Diophantine analysis.

Given m, n [ges ] 2, we prove that, for sufficiently large y, the sum 1n +···+ yn is not a product of m consecutive integers. We also prove that for m ≠ n we have 1m +···+ xm ≠ 1n +···+ yn, provided x, y are sufficiently large. Among other auxiliary facts, we show that Bernoulli polynomials of odd index are indecomposable, and those of even index are ‘almost’ indecomposable, a result of independent interest.

In an earlier paper the second author used the formal, algebraic properties of $2$-dimensional Shintani generating functions to construct a $1$-cocycle on ${\rm PGL}_2(\mathbb{Q})$. We aim to generalise these results by using such functions in dimension $n$ to obtain an $(n-1)$-cocycle on ${\rm PGL}_n(\mathbb{Q})$, presumably related to the Bernoulli and Eisenstein cocycles of R.~Sczech. By improving our methods we achieve this goal for $n=3$. For $n>3$ we encounter obstacles related to degenerate configurations of hyperplanes in $n$-space. Nevertheless, we obtain partial results closely connected to reciprocity laws for certain $n$-dimensional Dedekind sums. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11F20, 11F75.

A proof is given of the Euler-Maclaurin sum formula, on a Banach space of differentiable vector-valued functions of bounded exponential growth, using the Laplace transformation. Some related summation formulae are proved by the same methods. Properties of the standard summation operator are proved, namely spectral properties and boundedness, continuity and differentiability results.

Recently, H. M. Srivastava extended certain interesting generating functions of L. Carlitz to the forms:

and

where are general oncand many-parameter sequences of functions. In the present paper some general addition formulas for analogous sequences of functions are derived, and a number of interesting applications of the main results are given.