If the struggle in the South began in order to expel the French, violence ended up transforming the countryside, and ripping Mekong Delta society apart. The delta went through two internal fractures at the beginning of the war. The first, dating from late 1945 and into 1946, split many (but not all) Khmer from Vietnamese. The catalyst of this fracture was France's drive into the delta from late 1945, when it recruited "partisans," and especially ethnic Khmer, to fight Viet Minh forces. The French worsened ethnic antagonisms, leading to extensive violence between these two communities. The second major fracture was catalyzed by the Viet Minh's attempt to subdue rivals for leadership of the "nationalist" movement. Primed during 1945 and 1946, this second fracture occurred in 1947. For the second fracture, the chapter looks at two key turning points: Cao Dai leader Pham Cong Tac's decision to tactically ally with the French, and the Viet Minh killing of Hoa Hao Prophet Huynh Phu So. The violence following these two acts reshaped the South and definitively set the course for the rest of the war.

The period of 25 years between the deployment of Australia’s first UN peacekeepers in 1947 and the withdrawal of Australian troops from Vietnam in 1972 marks a distinct phase in Australian peacekeeping, and has been the subject of part 1 of this volume. During that time, with large relatively military commitments in the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, Confrontation and the Vietnam War, Australia deployed only a handful of military peacekeepers, and the only large group of peacekeepers was the police who went to Cyprus in 1964. The election of the Whitlam Labor government in December 1972 and the end of Australia’s commitment to the Vietnam War, which began to wind down in 1970 and was completed in December 1972, fundamentally changed Australia’s approach to international peacekeeping, and will be discussed in detail in part 2.