Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figure and maps
- List of contributors
- Note on transliteration
- List of abbreviations
- Maps
- Introduction
- PART ONE THE RISE OF THE CHINGGISIDS
- Part Two LEGACIES OF THE MONGOL CONQUESTS
- 5 Institutional development, revenues and trade
- 6 Migrations, ethnogenesis
- 7 Islamization in the Mongol Empire
- 8 Mongols as vectors for cultural transmission
- Part Three CHINGGISID DECLINE: 1368–c. 1700
- Part Four NOMADS AND SETTLED PEOPLES IN INNER ASIA AFTER THE TIMURIDS
- Part Five NEW IMPERIAL MANDATES AND THE END OF THE CHINGGISID ERA (18th–19th CENTURIES)
- Bibliography
- Index
5 - Institutional development, revenues and trade
from Part Two - LEGACIES OF THE MONGOL CONQUESTS
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2014
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figure and maps
- List of contributors
- Note on transliteration
- List of abbreviations
- Maps
- Introduction
- PART ONE THE RISE OF THE CHINGGISIDS
- Part Two LEGACIES OF THE MONGOL CONQUESTS
- 5 Institutional development, revenues and trade
- 6 Migrations, ethnogenesis
- 7 Islamization in the Mongol Empire
- 8 Mongols as vectors for cultural transmission
- Part Three CHINGGISID DECLINE: 1368–c. 1700
- Part Four NOMADS AND SETTLED PEOPLES IN INNER ASIA AFTER THE TIMURIDS
- Part Five NEW IMPERIAL MANDATES AND THE END OF THE CHINGGISID ERA (18th–19th CENTURIES)
- Bibliography
- Index
Summary
Institutional development
Contrasting degrees of institutional development can be seen in the two Toluid khanates, that is the Hülegüid (Ilkhanid) and the Yuan realms, and in the Jochid or Golden Horde khanate. All three began as conquering, occupying, essentially predatory, hierarchical tribal confederations. But, while the Toluid khanates did, or at least began to, evolve into true states directly managing their human and physical resources, the Jochid polity remained an emergent state that failed to evolve beyond its universal formative phase. The Ögödeid and Chaghatayid khanates began to undergo an evolution similar to that in the Toluid (ie. khanates), but the large proportion in their domains of steppe to sown and of pastoral-nomadic to agrarian-urban populations aborted their developments as states.
The slowing of Mongol expansion and the achievement of relative stability by the 1260s allowed interregional trade to resume. This was encouraged by Mongol rulers because it offered revenues and consumer goods, which they could distribute to insure the loyalty of their commanderies. Their degree of dependence on trade revenues varied. That of the Jochids was initially nearly total, but even after the Russian principalities began to produce substantial tributes, the commercial revenues remained crucial because these were entirely in cash and commodities used as money. However, in both Toluid khanates the ruling elite took over control of the uppermost levels of existing bureaucratic administrations, since the administrators' own survival dictated that they serve the new rulers.
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- The Cambridge History of Inner AsiaThe Chinggisid Age, pp. 89 - 108Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
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