I. Introduction
The former Special Representative to the UN Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Professor John Ruggie, identified ‘governance gaps created by globalization – between the scope and impact of economic forces and actors, and the capacity of societies to manage their adverse consequences’, as the ‘root cause’ of business-related harms.Footnote 1 Governance gaps result from the current global economic system, in which transnational companies often operate in resource-rich countries with weak rule of law or inadequate oversight by national governments, and with no clear, legally binding international obligations regulating their activities.Footnote 2 The immense influence and impact of companies are not coupled with the ability of society to effectively sanction or remedy adverse impacts.Footnote 3 Given this context, communities and workers that are particularly vulnerable to social and environmental harm have immense difficulty holding companies to account for business-related harms.Footnote 4
Closing governance gaps requires an understanding of how companies mobilize their legal, political and economic power and resources to avoid accountability for human rights harms that they cause, or otherwise contribute or are directly linked to, as well as developing the capacities of civil society organizations (CSOs), including grassroots organizations and social movements, to effectively respond to harmful corporate strategies. The ‘Mind the Gap’ project seeks to do just this. The project’s intention is to help civil society in identifying widespread strategies used by companies leading to the avoidance of responsibility for their adverse impacts, and the negative effects of those strategies, as well as challenging their widespread acceptance. It is only by understanding these harmful strategies that civil society actors can effectively advocate for the closure of underlying governance gaps.
This article provides an overview of the toolkit developed by the Mind the Gap project, including the identified harmful corporate strategies and civil society counter-strategies, and discusses lessons learned from the project. Section II provides an overview of the project, including the methodology for the development of the frameworks, which are outlined in sections III and IV, respectively. The final section considers next steps for the project, including the importance of collaboration between CSOs in order to counter corporate power and improve understanding and dissemination of the toolkit.
II. About the Project
Mind the Gap was launched in 2018 and focuses on the impact of harmful strategies on communities and workers in four target countries, covering both emerging economies and conflict-affected countries: Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Indonesia, and the occupied Palestinian territories. Project partners include non-governmental organizations (NGOs) based in target countries, who contribute with their experiences and expertise of harmful corporate strategies, organizations in India, China and Mexico who contribute their knowledge about influential multi-nationals in their countries, and partners based in Europe who lead advocacy at European and international levels.Footnote 5
The project was shaped by consortium partners’ recognition of companies’ slow implementation of internationally and multilaterally endorsed standards on corporate respect for human rights, including the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (OECD Guidelines), particularly in relation to remedy for business-related harms.Footnote 6
Based on decades of research and experience, partners observed many companies deploying strategies to create, maintain and exploit governance gaps and evade responsibility for their adverse impacts. Alongside these exploitative corporate strategies, civil society responses to these corporate strategies were identified, which had occasionally resulted in remedy for victims of corporate harms, but on the whole were not perceived to be effective in counterbalancing powerful and well-resourced companies.
These insights provided an initial list of harmful strategies and civil society counter-strategies, which were subsequently reviewed by a wider set of civil society actors, including activists, lawyers, academics, and other NGOs, who added their experiences and provided broad recognition of the relevance of the strategies.Footnote 7 The aim of the consortium was to systematize individual organizations’ experiences, as well as the experiences of civil society actors more broadly, to identify endemic – rather than individual, case-specific – patterns in corporate responses to their adverse impacts. The frameworks were finalized based on subsequent literature reviews and field research, and a harmful corporate strategy came to be defined as ‘a series of actions taken by a company that results in avoidance of responsibility for human rights or environmental impacts’.Footnote 8
III. Harmful Corporate Strategies
Mind the Gap identified 25 harmful strategies that can be grouped under five main types of corporate strategies leading to the avoidance of responsibility for adverse impacts (see Table 1).Footnote 9 Most of the identified strategies are not illegal, but rather legal and widely accepted as a way to protect corporate interests. However, while legal and serving business interests, these strategies often have harmful effects on society and the environment.
Table 1. Harmful corporate strategies
Constructing Deniability
Companies use different strategies to deny responsibility for their adverse impactsFootnote 10, including arguing that impacts are undetectable due to the complexity of their supply chain, outsourcing high-liability activities, including recruitment or employment processes, disengaging irresponsibly from business activities, and refusing to disclose information that could tie them to impacts.Footnote 11
Avoiding Liability Through Judicial Strategies
Companies also use judicial strategies that are legal, but often leave those seeking judicial remedy for business-related impacts without proper remedy.Footnote 12 These strategies include using judicial processes to delay and complicate proceedings, diverting attention from the substance of the case, engaging in jurisdiction shopping, shielding parent companies from liability for harms involving entities within their corporate group, and settling cases to avoid a guilty verdict or setting a legally binding precedent.Footnote 13 Companies also increasingly take states to international arbitration to avoid the adoption of stringent legislation that would improve human rights or environmental protections and harm their business interests.Footnote 14
Distracting and Obfuscating Stakeholders
Companies can also distract or obfuscate stakeholders by engaging with impacted communities in a symbolic rather than a meaningful manner, disseminating fraudulent information or engaging in fraudulent activities, manipulating scientific research, abusing standards systems that are intended to provide product assurance, and by diverting complaints through company-controlled grievance mechanisms that only provide a visage of remedy for victims.Footnote 15
Undermining Defenders and Communities
This fourth strategy includes attacking or threating defenders, filing abusive Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) to intimidate critics, pursuing criminal charges to delegitimize criticism against them, seeking to divide communities to undermine campaigns, and obstructing the collective organization of workers.Footnote 16
Utilising State Power
Utilising state power is the final category of harmful strategies identified by Mind the Gap.Footnote 17 Companies sometimes leverage their power with states to obtain favourable treatment, including by operating in special economic zones that benefit from weaker human rights and environmental regulations, lobbying to avoid the introduction or strengthening of laws protecting human rights and the environment, aligning with suppressive state institutions that violate human rights, and even engaging state security forces to protect their business interests – even when violations can be expected as a result.Footnote 18
IV. Civil Society Counter-Strategies
Mind the Gap’s counter-strategy framework outlines 11 counter-strategies that can be grouped under four main strategies for civil society to respond to harmful tactics used by companies (see Table 2).Footnote 19 There is no clear, one-to-one relationship between a harmful corporate strategy and a civil society counter-strategy. Some strategies may be particularly useful to combat specific harmful strategies. Civil society actors may need to employ multiple counter-strategies in their advocacy, sometimes using several in parallel, or in a sequence, alongside broader advocacy or legal strategies.
Table 2. Civil society counter-strategies
Dismantling Corporate Narratives
The first set of counter-strategies aims to dismantle corporate narratives separating companies from their harmful impacts.Footnote 20 Companies often use legal strategies to construct deniability, such as by hiding behind complex supply chains and outsourcing high-risk activities. Civil society actors can dismantle these corporate narratives, including denials of knowledge and untrue or misleading statements, by conducting rebuttal research on the company’s reasons on why it is not responsible for the harms, as well as by reframing these narratives to draw attention to what the company should have known or done in the specific case.Footnote 21
Shifting the Power Balance
Companies’ use and abuse of their powerful position vis-à-vis communities are features of many harmful strategies, ranging from refusing to disclose information to undermining or silencing defenders and communities. When pursuing remedy for business-related impacts, affected peoples can use the second set of counter-strategies by shifting these power imbalances, including by putting an international spotlight on the case, such as by forming coalitions with local, national, regional and international civil society actors, as well as by filing complaints to international grievance mechanisms to increase global attention to the case.Footnote 22 Targeting actors with leverage over the company, such as customers and shareholders, can also bring pressure on the company to change its behaviour.Footnote 23
Deploying Legal Counter-Strategies
While companies often use judicial strategies to avoid liability and accountability for adverse impacts, legal claims can also be brought by affected peoples, lawyers and NGOs to force corporate change.Footnote 24 Legal claims often involve close collaborations between civil society actors to bring legal action in a home state (where the company is headquartered).Footnote 25 Legal action can also be used to force information disclosure by the company, counter abusive SLAPPs, and frame coordinated strategic litigation.Footnote 26
Coordinated strategic litigation is an example of two counter-strategies in tandem: shifting the power balance and deploying legal counter-strategies. Strategic litigation is a growing strategy used by civil society to combat harmful corporate strategies.Footnote 27 However, judicial and non-judicial litigation is high-risk. Civil society claimants often face lack of information about legal options, as well as a lack of, or the high cost of, lawyers to support legal action, and concerns about financial and legal risks. However, collaboration between civil society actors in the Global North and South, including between affected peoples, lawyers, trade unions, and local, national, regional and international NGOs, can strengthen knowledge, expertise, and ultimately efforts to achieve justice.Footnote 28
An example of coordinated strategic litigation in practice is Mind the Gap consortium partner SOMO’s current litigation project to close governance gaps in human and labour rights. SOMO is building coalitions of CSOs, lawyers and academics from different geographic regions to collaborate on multi-jurisdictional, multi-procedure litigation. The project is a culmination of lessons learned from both within and outside Mind the Gap. In particular, research gathered for Mind the Gap demonstrated the potential impact of combining different counter-strategies as part of a networked approach.
Advancing Corporate Accountability Standards
Civil society actors, lawyers and academics from around the world generally agree that the best counter-strategy is to change the law and norms regulating corporate behaviour – to close the governance gaps and legal loopholes that allow companies to cause harm and avoid responsibility for their actions and omissions.Footnote 29 This includes making soft law standards on responsible business conduct into legally binding mandatory due diligence legislation, as well as mainstreaming corporate accountability into other laws affecting people and the environment, such as legislation impacting workers’ rights, health and safety, disclosure, land rights, indigenous rights and the environment.Footnote 30
V. Conclusion
The Mind the Gap toolkit is intended to help civil society to identify and understand harmful corporate strategies to avoid responsibility for their adverse impacts and to challenge their widespread acceptance. The identified counter-strategies provide civil society with a framework to respond to widely accepted harmful corporate strategies. However, immense power imbalances between multinational companies and the people they impact requires civil society actors to collaborate to ensure widespread recognition of the harmful corporate strategies and effective implementation of these counter-strategies.
The project consortium partners are using these frameworks in their advocacy to seek to hold companies to account. However, currently the frameworks are not yet widely known or actively utilized by other CSOs seeking to address irresponsible business conduct. More collaboration between local, national, regional and international CSOs, including communities affected by harmful corporate activities, is necessary to improve understanding of the harmful strategies and counter-strategies identified by the toolkit. Through collaborative sharing of information on cases and lessons learned, and by helping to put a spotlight on accountability and governance gaps, companies can be pressured to fulfil their human rights responsibilities, and states can also be persuaded to recognize these responsibilities and strengthen them into obligations through binding legislation. Collaboration is essential to close governance gaps that allow companies to avoid accountability for their adverse human rights and environmental impacts.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to my SOMO colleagues Virginia Sandjojo, Lydia de Leeuw and Esther de Haan for their comments on the draft of this article.
Competing interest
The author is employed by SOMO, coordinator of the Mind the Gap project.
