Collateral collocation

This alliterative couplet describes the task of seeing the environment through the eyes of the patient, a combination of ‘standing side by side’ and ‘standing in each other’s shoes’. The first task in nidotherapy is to try to interpret the environment as seen by the patient in a way that gives greater understanding of perceived priorities. Although we do this in clinical practice repeatedly, there is a tendency to be paternalistic in proposing what seems a reasonable environmental adjustment (i.e. usually one that we agree with) and rejecting others that seem to us to be unsatisfactory or unrealistic. In collateral collocation, all external judgement is suspended in the first instance and a full environmental analysis of the patient’s current situation is made and potential areas of change outlined. Clearly, such an activity is focused to some extent on those needs that are judged to be relevant to mental health; others are usually presumed to be of lesser importance but always need to be considered, as they may be much more important than originally thought.

In the second phase of analysis, the potential environmental changes identified by others involved in care (an individual therapist or joint workers, or indeed the whole clinical team) are also defined in detail. This list may be very different from that provided by the patient but both need to be spelled out initially. The lists for one patient, a refugee from a Muslim country, and his nidotherapist, are shown in the first two columns of Table 1.

Table 1 Environmental analysis and subsequent compromise action

Environmental area	Patient’s first environmental analysis	Clinical team’s environmental analysis	Agreed compromise
Comfort: warmth	Complete draught exclusion in flat and better heating	Serious deficiencies in heating arrangements in flat	Patient agrees to be moved to a new, smaller, centrally heated flat
Finance	Every day to have enough money for his needs	Poor personal control over finances: friends borrow his money without returning it, manipulate and exploit him	Clinical team act as patient’s appointee and give him money three times a week, always keeping some in reserve
Leisure	To be close to his friends and late-night café culture	The friends he meets are not thought to be a good influence on him so this wish is not regarded as very important	Compromise solution: moved closer to social network (see comfort above) but encouraged to have more activities elsewhere during the day
Security	To feel safe when alone at home	Is vulnerable and unable to deal with potential conflict	Extra locks fitted at main door of building
Status: self-esteem	To live in surroundings where he can be taken seriously by friends, relatives and professionals	No special opinion: he appears to have good self-esteem already	Money reserved from appointeeship to furnish new flat to higher standard than might normally be expected

The formulation of realistic environmental targets

Once an environmental analysis has been completed it is necessary to put the environmental needs into order of importance and merge the patient’s and therapist’s lists in a realistic way. Some desired outcomes have to be rejected immediately, even when they are considered to be highly relevant and important. Thus, for example, in central London it would be unreasonable to expect the patient to be accommodated in a quiet detached house completely free of noise pollution or for a homeless indigent patient to be provided with an unearned income of £30 000 a year. However, this part of nidotherapy needs to be pursued in an open spirit, as apparently unattainable goals can sometimes be achieved with sufficient determination.

Case example: formulating environmental targets

The patient described in Table 1 has a recurrent psychotic disorder and a history of non-adherence to treatment regimens (no other clinical information is given here to protect his identity). The environmental needs he presented (in no particular order) concern the common areas of comfort, finance, leisure activities and social contacts. Some of these are clearly objective environmental requirements. Others, such as the desire for improved self-esteem, might be regarded more as personal needs related to attitudes and thoughts and best dealt with by problem-solving or cognitive–behavioural interventions. However, the only question to be asked is ‘can this problem be addressed by an environmental change?’. If it can, then it is appropriate for nidotherapy. Each of these needs was considered by his carers and nidotherapist and, despite some reservations, all were regarded as sufficiently important to try to change them.

In examining the process of nidotherapy in this example, I will describe two of these environmental areas and what was involved in their change. The first is the management of the patient’s finances through appointeeship. You may think that this is such a common exercise with those who show poor budgetary control that it cannot be looked upon as a new approach. However, the pathway to appointeeship in nidotherapy is usually different from that in other types of practice. The patient wanted environmental change but could not achieve it because of poor financial control. When asked for ways of, for example, making his flat a more inviting place when his friends visited, all options required more money for furnishings and design, and it was the patient who initiated the discussions about appointeeship by asking for help to use his income more wisely. Use of this approach also helped his self-esteem when his flat became more welcoming.

The leisure activity of staying out late at night drinking caffeine-containing drinks (never alcohol) is also not usually addressed in normal practice, except in a peremptory way under ‘cultural needs’ in care programme review meetings. Nidotherapy established that this social contact, regarded by the clinical team as a relatively insignificant part of the patient’s daily routine (Table 1), was of fundamental importance and needed fostering. In discussing the eventual placement of the patient (part of the answers to the ‘comfort’ component of the environmental analysis) the need to be close to the late-night drinking area was recognised as being very important and it featured high on the list of essentials. Eventually a new flat was obtained less than a kilometre away from the cafés.

It is often useful, but not essential, to quantify the progress made towards achieving the environmental goals set by patient and therapist. Our patient’s progress in achieving each of the targets over a period of 1 year is shown in Fig. 1. One advantage of this system is that when one target stubbornly remains below the rest in terms of achievement it is recognised and can be separately addressed. Thus, the value of appointeeship and relocation have helped the patient in some respects but he still has limited self-esteem and some uncertainty about his status.

Fig. 1 Progress towards targets outlined in Table 1 over 12-month period (these targets, and the extent to which they were achieved, were agreed jointly by therapist and patient).

The improvement of social function

Nidotherapy could be regarded as a misnomer in that the therapeutic endeavour is indirect. There is no specific attempt to change the person in any way but, by changing the environment, improvement may take place secondarily. However, the primary improvement should be in social functioning. Social function is a direct measure of the fit between person and environment, and even if psychiatric symptomatology remains unchanged, better adjustment of the environment should lead to improved social functioning.

It is perhaps not surprising that the elements of good social functioning – ability to cope with tasks with adequate performance and little perceived stress, good financial management, secure and settled relationships with friends, family and wider society, and enjoyment of spare time (Reference Remington and TyrerRemington & Tyrer, 1979; Reference Weissman and BothwellWeissman & Bothwell, 1979) – often figure so highly in the environmental needs of patients in nidotherapy. It is even less surprising, therefore, that when they are solved or alleviated social function improves. However, the converse is important too. When a nidotherapy programme fails to lead to improved social function the environmental targets need to be re-examined. They may have been inappropriately chosen, or circumstances may have changed so that some or all are no longer appropriate.

Personal adaptation and control

The notion that the patient is in control of a nidotherapy programme, particularly when the patient has a severe psychotic illness or lacks capacity, may at first seem strange. But there are good reasons for it (Box 2). By constantly going back to a plan that has been devised with the patient at its core, the errors that are so common if senior figures in authority decide, without proper consultation, what is best for others are avoided. Even when a disability is pronounced and there may be doubts about the patient’s capacity to contribute to solutions for care (as, for example, in chronic schizophrenia with very little motivation, severe learning disability or dementia), it is important to at least try to gauge the person’s wishes no matter how difficult this task becomes or how apparently inappropriate the responses.

Thus, the wish of someone with a severe learning disability to have a certain carer (or type of care) involved with their daily life cannot be roughly cast aside in favour of something different without proper inquiry. Similarly, a recurrent sex offender who asks to be kept in secure institutional care because he feels he is no longer capable of adequate control of all aspects of his life, not just his sex drive, should not be bundled onto a complex treatment programme allegedly to change something that, in his judgement, will remain for ever unchanged.

It is also important to note that nidotherapy can still be appropriate in the management of less severe forms of mental illness than those described here, where the options of controlled environmental change to a great extent need to be coordinated by health professionals. Chronic stress in those whose lifestyle is often the cause of their difficulties can also be approached by systematically tackling environmental needs rather than by changing symptoms (Reference TyrerTyrer, 2003).

Wider environmental integration and arbitrage

The main aim in nidotherapy is to get a good personal fit between individual and environment. However, this cannot be done in isolation and has to take account of wider environmental needs, including those of society. For example, it may suit an individual to have loud music playing all day in his flat because this suppresses the impact of auditory hallucinations, but if it creates great distress for neighbours it would be counterproductive. It is therefore quite common for the patient’s and therapist’s environmental analysis to be discordant and one of the key tasks in nidotherapy is to match up these lists in a way that is acceptable to both patient and therapist. Because this can be particularly contentious it is often necessary to have an arbiter whose authority is respected by both patient and therapist (or clinical team), so that any judgement the arbiter makes will be accepted by both parties. The phase of arbitrage is therefore often an important one in nidotherapy, and early in the treatment plan it is useful to identify a potential arbiter who will be acceptable to all involved in the programme.

Phase I: Identification of the boundaries of nidotherapy

Nidotherapy is usually chosen for a patient who has been treated extensively and has achieved all the gains that are possible from the range of interventions available. In some instances these gains may be very low indeed; in others they may be substantial but with considerable residual disability. In many patients suitable for nidotherapy there has been a long battle between therapists wishing to try interventions and patients desperate to resist them.

The nidotherapist, in introducing the treatment to the patient, emphasises that there is no intention to change the patient and that the whole focus of treatment is on examining the environment to see what environmental changes are most suited. In this early stage of treatment there is often a gratifying improvement in collaboration and communication with the patient. After years of being battered by demands to partake in an intervention that is regarded as of no value, it is a welcome change for the patient to have his or her disability acknowledged more formally and, instead of being required to change the disability, to participate in changing the environment. This acceptance, which could be regarded as validation of disability, allows further treatment to be pursued along a consensual pathway.

By defining what can be given for the disorder and what can be done to change the environment there is less chance of conflict and a greater chance that collaboration will be established for other interventions such as drug treatment (Reference Tasman, Riba and SilkTasman et al, 2000).

Phase 2: Full environmental analysis

This is carried out as described in the case example above. All aspects of the patient’s wishes are noted, for even if they are subsequently discarded as fanciful or unattainable they can still be of value. It is often necessary to visit the patient at home or in other environments, and it is essential to embrace the ideas behind collateral collocation, so that presumptive conclusions are not reached (Box 4).

The therapist’s environmental analysis follows that of the patient and is informed by it. It can be done with the patient or independently, but it is unlikely exactly to mirror the patient’s. Once completed, the sometimes difficult task of joining the two in an agreed way has to be tackled. This is when the involvement of an arbiter may be necessary (Boxes 5 and 6).

Phase 3: Implementation of a common route (the nidopathway)

Phase 2 may take several hours to complete, but if it is done successfully the next phases will be negotiated much more quickly. The different elements of the nidopathway are identified and each is planned. Obviously, many will need very careful thought and will have to take place in clearly defined steps (e.g. moving to new accommodation). An appropriate timescale for these changes needs to be set to avoid disappointment later.

Phase 4: Monitoring of progress

The phase of monitoring is not an onerous one for the nidotherapist, as although it often takes considerable time to achieve the targets, they should remain clear, with a transparent procedure for completing them. This transparency is important to the patients; full feedback on the progress towards achieving targets emphasises that they have not been forgotten, and they can often offer useful ideas on how to overcome barriers. Despite this, it is highly unlikely that all targets will be achieved successfully (e.g. see Fig. 1). Whether or not further efforts are made to finish the task depends on the patient and the degree of improvement in sociaI functioning that has been attained.

Phase 5: Resetting the nidopathway

There may be times when targets thought to be appropriate and attainable turn out not to be. In these instances it is necessary to return and revise the pathway with different targets, usually less ambitious, but sometimes more so. In this task the role of the patient is very important, as their agreement to what is decided has to be genuine.