Index
‘addiction insurance’ (bimeh-ye e’tiyad), 237
‘attari, 38
1360s (1980s) generation, 172
1909 Shanghai Conference, 40
1911 The Hague Convention on Opium, 41
1925 Geneva Convention on Opium, 45
1941 Pahlavi, Reza in exile, 47
1941–1946 Allied occupation, 48
1953 coup d’etat against Mossadeq, 51
1955 Opium Prohibition, 53
1963 White Revolution, 57
1969 Opium Regulation,
2nd Khordad movement (jonbesh-e dovvom-e Khordad), 98
6th Development Plan, 158
Abelabad prison, 109
aberurizi (reputation damage), 212
addiction
and depression, 176
and HIV, 203
and modernity,
and spirituality, 253
and the police, , 230
and women,
as a governmental category, 239
as backwardness, 43
as crisis, 281
as disability, 68
as invented concept, 37
definition, 22
discussed in the media,
etymology, 37
first case of heroin addiction in Iran, 58
governmental effect of, 70
Khalkhali’s understanding of, 77
linked to ancien regime, 71
orientalism, 36
shisheh, 195
to sex, 174
Addiction News Agency (ADNA), 261
addiction para-medicine, 97
Afghanistan
criminal networks, 274
illicit drugs as means of survival, 83
Iran’s anti-narcotic strategy, 179
Iranian ambassador in Kabul, 241
Iranian foreign policy, 287
lack of anti-drug cooperation, 83
Northern Alliance (Afghanistan), 102
opium production under the Taliban, 101
record opium production, 101
Soviet occupation, 79
US-led invasion in 2001, 135
Ahmadinejad, Mahmud
election in 2005, 165
new style of government, 232
on drugs,
reforms in drug policy, 281
relations with intellectuals, 287
representing a new class in power, 170
second election in 2009, 3
vision for civil society, 260
with drug addicts, 234
AIDS hospital, 117
Alaei brothers, 117, 118, 124
arrested on charges of national security, 240
collaboration with Mohraz, Minoo, 120
coordination with UNODC, 132
Triangular clinics in prisons, 120
alcohol dependency, 157
anthropology, 18
anti-imperialism, 287
Anti-Narcotics Bureau (1980s), 71
anti-opium campaigns, 41
Arendt, Hannah, 18
Aria Strategic Research Centre, 171
Arlacchi, Pino, 129
art of managing disorder, 14, 15, 235, 262
as analytical category, 15
definition, 28
empirical case, 224
ashrar (evils), 83
Auyero, Javier, 27
Axis of Evil, 134
Azadi Stadium, 234
baba karam, 60
Bahari, Maziar, 119
Bahman Kucik, 208
Baluch, 84
banderole (opium), 70
Bani Etemad, Rakhshan, 223
Barrati-Sadeh, Farid, 190
barzakh, 202
Bazaar (Tehran), 216
bazaar agents, 44
Bazargan, Mehdi, 73
Bimarestan-e Mo‘tadan (Addicts’ Hospital), 66
birth control, 157
bi-samani (disorder), 225
Black Hand, 171
bonyad-e mo‘tadan (addicts’ foundation), 76
borders
and the value of illicit drugs, 87
US-Mexico in the War on Drugs, 276
void of security in the East, 78
Bourgois, Philippe, 24
brain drain, 171
Brass, Paul, 17
Breaking Bad (TV series), 179
British Council, 130
budget
benefits of drug regulation/legalisation, 272
benefits of harm reduction, 157
centralisation during Ahmadinejad’s government, 242
cost of War on Drugs, 63
division within public institutions, 245
greater room for manouvre during Ahmadinejad’s period, 243
impact of oil price, 247
in the 2010 Drug Law Reform, 192
Pahlavi government spending on anti-narcotics, 56
research in drug policy, 244
bureaucracy
under Ahmadinejad, Mahmud,
Bush, George W., 134
Bushire, 44
camps (addiction recovery)
compulsory
for vagrants, 197
controversies, 190
employment among recovering drug abusers, 262
illegal,
personnel, 215
origins, 25
origins in Iran, 89
use of violence in the camps, 275
women’s camps, 30,
camps, concentration (Nazi), 205
cannabis
agricultural relevance in Iran, 271
benefits of legalisation, 270
discussed in the Expediency Council, 158
in the drug laws of the Islamic Republic, 152
origins of global prohibition, 11
thereapeutic use, 10
US approach towards, 55
CCTV, 209
cheragh khamush, 122
cheshmandaz (long-term policy of the state), 148
Christian Orthodoxy, 32
civic, venues, 113
civil society
and relation with UNODC, 133
as device of crisis management, 128
as government in practice, 127
as partner of the government, 14
as rhizome, 262
as surrogate party, 127
charitable and humanitarian plans, 217
device of crisis management, 265
during reformism, , 135
idealised version of, 275
in addiction recovery, 23, ,
in cannabis law reforms, 269
in favour of prohibition, 275
in harm reduction, , 122
in meetings on drug policy, 132
in the methodology, 30
in UN development plans, 129
participation in Additction Science Conference, 156
public activism, 217
responsable for uncivil phenomena, 260
class (social), 91
capitalist, 44
clergy, 74
dangerous, 17
desire, 176
deviant, 77
marginal, 274
subordination, 231
technocratic, 97
clergy
bast in Isfahan (1923), 44
during Mossadeq, Mohammad, 51
on drugs, 125
on governance, 125
on Narcotics Anonymous, 251
opposition to the Shah (Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza), 57
communism, 49
communism (anti-), 55
Construction Jihad (jahad-e sazandegi), 89
corruption
among public officials in the Islamic Republic, 77
Khalkhali’s onslaught, 73
mofsed fil-‘arz, 74
Western moral, 119
Costa, Antonio Maria, 130
Council for the Revision of the Constitution, 142
crises
theoretical implicantions, 19
crisis
as a central engine of politics, 282
as discourse, 282
as narrative device, 20
caused by HIV epidemic,
definition, , 202
during Ahmadinejad‘s government, 232
enabling public-private partnership, 284
ethymology, 284
theoretical implications, 284
used in neoliberal governance, 264
crisis management
and the role of apparatuses, 20
and the role of civil society, 128
in the 2000s, 125
in the HIV epidemic, 118
in the opiate crisis, 107
Iran–Iraq War, 95
Khamenei’s skills of, 283
through lack of judicial supervision, 230
crisis, spaces of, 216
criticism for management of drug policy budget, 246
Cronin, Stephanie, 45
DARIUS Institute, 132
dar-ol-‘alaj (opium dens), 47
daru (‘medicine’, slang for heroin), 176
dast-e mar-gir (hand that captures the snake), 212
Davvalu, Hushang, 62
DCHQ
announcement of new addiction data, 26
civic participation programme, 254
criticism for budget management, 244
criticism from other public institutions, 190
in mediation between opponents and supporters of harm reduction, 128
internal structure, 93
international policy, 103
involved in corruption case, 87
lack of adequate research tools, 246
management of compulosry addiction recovery camps, 203
management of drug policy budget, 244
on methadone programme, 200
on the feasibility of medical insurance, 237
role in national drug policy, 93
supervisng compulsory addiction recovery camps, 199
dead-end law making (qanungozari-ye bon-bast), 153
death penalty
a provision based on maslahat, 273
against public officials guilty of drug corruption, 87
as part of Islamic jurisprudence, 273
coverage in international media, 276
for addiction camps personnel guilty of patients’ death, 214
for recedivist drug offenders, 152
in the 1988 anti-narcotics law, 80
reform of the law, 273
support among the general population, 275
suspension approved by the Expediency Council, 158
decrees
informal, 72
depression,
dervishes, 45
disease
addiction not considered a disease, 123
addiction recognised as a disease, 195
sexually transmitted, 182
Westoxification, 58
disorder, maintenance of, 14
diyeh (blood money), 214
Dizelabad prison, 109
Doctor without Borders (MSF), 223
doreh (circle), 38
Driving with the lights off, 123
drug ecosystem, 135
drug laws,
approved by the Expediency Council,
drug trafficking, 11, 57, 59, 67, 68, 72, 129, 134
criminal cartels, 87
using camels across borders, 87
drug tsar, 74
drugs. See opiates, heroin, opium, meth or shisheh
adulteration, 186
age of use, 180
as a question of raison d’etat, 152
as ideological objects, 18
as part of a global conspiracy, 83
decriminalisation, 157
definition,
depression, 172,
in Islam, 9
increase in value across borders, 87
quest of happiness, 173
regulation, 158
with sex, , 233
drugs (anti)
campaigns, 74
drugs (anti-depressant), 175
Dubai, 170
E‘temad-e Melli (newspaper), 29
Ehteshami, Anoushirvan, 98
elites
connected to the Pahlavi regime, 77
in modernisation, 36
in the Society for the Fight against Alcohol and Opium, 49
in transnational networks, 69
under Ahmadinejad, 166
elites, modernist, 54
estekbar-e jahani (global arrogance), 82
Europe
allied with Saddam Hussein, 83
as destination for illicit drugs, 78
as destination for illicit drugs, 276
cooperation on drug policy with Iran, 134
drug trafficking, 87
financial crisis, 3
first harm reduction experiments, 25
funding support for UNODC in Iran, 130
heroin culture in the 1960s, 59
high demand for heroin, 101
HIV epidemic, 25
origins of the idea of addiction, 37
Pahlavi court suspected of smuggling heroin into Europe, 62
potential for drug policy reform, 269
sanctions against Islamic Republic, 233
using the politics of crisis, 282
Evin Prison, 4
Expediency Council
and the Supreme Leader, , 147
as sovreign, 161
criticism, 151
in theory, 140
on expediency, 125
origins,
expertise (karshenasi), 149
Facebook, 27
Fadayan-e Khalq, 74
family
atomisation process, 170
avoiding shame of drug use, 250
challenged by generational change, 7
deciding on blood money, 214
paying addiction recovery fees, 237
support for impoverished drug users, 214
threatened by opium, 50
threatened by shisheh, 184
Farahzad shelter, 257
Fardoust, Hossein, 61
Farmand, Hassan Ali, 51
Fars, 198
Fashapuyieh, 198
Foucault, Michel, 161
in politics, 17
methodology, 17
on crime, 75
on power, 16
quoted by Iranian official, 160
Friday Prayer, xviii
gart (dust, slang for heroin), 216
gender
and state ethics, 210
considered by revolutionary courts, 112
methods, 30
trends during Ahmadinejad’s period, 287
gender code, 85
gender reassignment surgery,
Ghobadi, Bahman, 171
Gilan, 67
Gingeras, Ryan, 52
Global North, 15
Godfrey’s Cordial (poppy syrup in the UK), 39
Gorgan, 53
governmental ordinances (ahkam-e hokumati), 142
Goya, Francisco, 16
Greece, 282
Guardian Council, of the Revolution, 143
interpreting the Constitution, 142
members partaking in Expediency Council meetings, 146
symphatetic to Ahmadinejad’s government, 243
Guya, Mehdi, 190
hallucination, 185
harbeh-ye este‘mari (colonial weapon), 83
Hariri, Khalil, 201
harm reduction
and the use of media, 124
approval by the Judiciary, 114
definition, 24
genealogy, 111
in prison, 111
international dimension, 12
opposed by the UNODC in Vienna, 130
spectrum of different models, 25
harm reduction, research on, 157
Hashemi, Ali, 154
hashish. See cannabis
as a soft drug, 272
condemned as heterodox by clergy, 55
confiscation during revolutionary period, 74
Headquarters (Supreme Leader), 147
Hedayat, Sadegh, 39
heroin
and the flow of time, 178
as a plot by the enemies of the revolution, 82
centre of distribution, 216
chemists, 60
criminalisation in the US, 64
demand in Europe, 101
democratisation of consumption, 78
discussed by Khomeini, 57
embodying global consumption models, 58
excluded from legal reform, 270
fall in price,
first case of overdose, 58
prouction of, 60
shape and colour, 107
heroin culture
in Europe, 59
heroin-e hamid-reza (Pahlavi), 62
Hibou, Beatrice, 18
historical incidents (Breachtian), 277
HIV
stigma, 118
homelessness, 117
hosseiniyeh, 252
House of Sun (khaneh-ye khorshid), 219
ideology
among NGOs, 275
among prohibitionists, 77
anti-Islamic Republic, 285
in the work of apparatuses, 26
in Therapeutic Communities (TC), 26
lectures for recovering drug (ab)users, 81
ejtihad-e mostamerr (permanent interpretative effort of the jurist), 142
Ilam, 110
imperialism, 82
incarceration. See prison
alternatives to, 112
avoiding prisons through illegal recovery camps, 212
avoiding the prison through toleration of public drug use, 217
combined with forced addiction treatment, 80
costs for incarcerated drug users, 199
in compulsory addiction camps, 195
increasing numbers, 273
origins during the Pahlavi period, 55
to punish addiction, 152
use during Khalkhali’s period, 76
incarceration (post), 247
INCAS, 156
inequality, 170
informality
in tackling public addiction, 230
in the practice of harm reduciton, 122
use of meetings outside government, 143
within Expediency Council,
infrapolitics, 14
injection (of kerack), 108
injection paraphernalia, 24
instability
for the Islamic Republic
Khomein’s death, 90
Instagram, 170
intellectuals
during Khatami period, 134
during the Constitutional Revolution, 39
Hedayat, Sadegh, 39
Kuhi-Kermani, Hossein, 40
new religious intellectuals’ (roshan-fekran-e dini), 99
intelligence (secret services)
absence during fieldwork research, 4
American officers in the Pahlavi era, 49
budget under Ahmadinjed government, 244
coercive institutions during the Pahlavi era, 49
deployed in War on Drugs, 84
imbalance with non-security means, 93
lack of means, 79
rise during Ahmadinejad period, 169
role of DCHQ, 92
shift under post-revolutionary period, 86
US knowledge of Pahlavi involvement in drug trafficking, 61
interdisciplinary research, 32
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), 179
Iran (newspaper), 29
Iron Law of Prohibition, 58
Islamic Associations (Anjoman-e eslami), 89
Islamic Republic
political structure, 8
Ja‘far, Mohammad Ali, 59
Jahanbegloo, Ramin, 166
Jalaipour, Hamid Reza, 171
Jalaipour, Mohammad Reza, 4
Jam-e Jam (newspaper), 29
jang-e tahmili (imposed war), 79
jazirah (islands of confinement), 81
joy engineering (mohandesi-ye shadi), 173
Judiciary, officials of, 123
June 5 revolt (Panzdah-e Khordad), 57
Kahrizak prison, 232
Kakavand Tribe, 61
kamp-gardi, 215
Karaj, 47
Karroubi, Mehdi, 168
Keyhan (newspaper), 205
khane-ha-ye nime-rah (half-way houses), 260
Khatami, Mohammad, 131
1997 election, 98
coping with crisis, 135
dialogue among civilisations, 133
in support of Triangular Clinics, 120
on prison management, 112
support for decriminalisation of addiction, 115
support for harm reduction, 129
support for publications and civil society, 127
supporting workers’ rights for HIV-positive people, 120
use of civil society, 121
Khiyabani, Gholam, 127
khomari (hangover from lack of opium), 70
Khomeini, Hassan, 261
Khomeini, Ruhollah (ayatollah)
death, 149
Eight Point Declaration (1980), 77
on absolute guardianship of the jurist, 142
on addiction, 71
on addicts, 261
on alcohol, 57
on governance, 144
on opium maintenance programmes, 72
on poppy cultivation, 73
on smuggling, 74
on the Iran–Iraq war, 154
opposition to Shah, 57
Komeyl Hospital, 90
Kuhi Kermani, Hossein, 40
Larijani Amoli, Sadeq Ardeshir (ayatollah), 199
Larijani, Ali, 199
Larijani, Javad, 273
laughter workshops (kargah-e khandeh), 173
Local Coordination Council (shoura-ye hamahangi) – DCHQ, 93
luti, 59
Malayer, 60
Malaysia, 180
Maleki, Fada Hossein, 241
Malekzadeh, Mehdi, 54
manqal (charcoal brazier), 38
Marco Polo, 215
Markazi, 198
market
competition, 65
illegal treatment of addiction, 97
of illegal methadone, 23
of illegal treatment, 225
of methadone managed by private clinics, 236
of shishesh in the 2000s, 176
Marvdasht, 115
Marx, Karl, 17
Mauss, Marcell, 22
MDMA, 22
medicine
as frame of interpretation, 114
medicine (drug), 23
medicine (surveillance), 286
Medicine, International Conference of (Ramsar, 1971), 67
Mehran Gardens, 58
MENAHRA, 28
mesostrata of the state, 123
methadone
and depression, 184
and shisheh, 184
as technology of government, 24
in Iran, 107
in prison, 200
origins, 23
methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)
as a device of managing drug using population, 217
as part of Triangular Clinics, 118
benefits for drug users, 24
description, 23
during Ahmadinejad’s government, 224
failure, 195
first centre in Iran, 117
first discussions in Iran, 107
first pilot programmes, 156
in Islamic jurisprudence, 115
side-effects of methadone, 184
Milad Tower, 189
Millspaugh, Arthur C., 40
Mini Dublin Group, 132
Minister of Health and Medical Education, 182
Ministry of Education, 244
Ministry of Health
harm reduction meetings, 107
in organ donations, 7
in the 2010 law, 115
management of opium coupon system, 65
on HIV/AIDS plan, 183
on pilot methadone programme, 117
providing licences to NGOs, 116
UK maintenance of opium, 68
Ministry of Justice, 55
Ministry of Physical Education and Training, 246
minorities, 274
Mitchell, Timothy, 69
modernisation
and prohibition, 36
and the demise of the Qajars, 40
criticised by Jalal Al-e Ahmad, 59
in drugs history, 276
in modernisation theory, 70
modiran-e miyaneh (mid-ranking officials), 123
Mohtaj, Abbas, 173
morphine, 23, 24
confiscation, 103
exports, 106
for pharmaceutical purposes, 106
Hamid before and after injection, 60
imports from Turkey, 60
injecting, 59
mujahedin (Afghans), 79
mujahidin (Afghans), 83
Mujica, Pepe, 269
Mullah Omar, 102
Naloxone, 200
Narcotics Anonymous
coexistence with post-reformist (Ahmadienajd’s) vision, 251
expansion during post-reformism, 174
opposition from clergy, 251
origins in Iran,
status vis a vis postreformist state, 250
vision of the founder, 254
visit from US central office, 253
voted the best NGO by government, 253
newspapers
ethnographic use of, 29
in methodology, 28
in the War on Drugs, 86
list of Iranian newspapers, 29
publishing ads on addiction recovery, 96
scandals, 204
sensationalism, 213
used by reformists, 99
nezam (political order), 142
Nixon, Richard, 63
Noori, Roya, 157
Northern Alliance, 102
Nouri, Abdollah, 127
nuclear deal, 11
Obama, Barack, 233
Office for the Coordination of the Fight against Addiction, 93
Office of the Treasury (dara’i), 70
opium
administred through coupon,
as a key export, 43
as backwardness, 43
as strategic asset, 52
banned during the Mossadeq period, 51
banned under Mohammad Reza Shah, 52
consumed by Shah’s brother, 62
at the end of fasting in Ramadan, 39
history of use in Iran, 35
laws approved during Pahlavi period,
legends related to its consumption, 38
mythologies about opium, 70
parliamentary debates during Pahlavi period, 53
rituals of consumption in Iran, 38
senaturi, 65
Shah praising the ban on opium, 54
smoked by Reza Shah, 46
smoked in coffeshops, 53
special connoisseurs working at the Opium Desk, 70
Taliban ban on, 102
the government reconsiders reintroduction of poppy cultivation, 271
use among children, 39
used as currency, 45
used as medicine, 38
opium burning ceremony, 234
Opium Desk, 70
opium tincture, 279
opium user (taryaki), 40
organ donation, 7
overdose, 184
Pahlavi state, fall of dynasty, 78
Pahlavi, Hamid-Reza, 62
Pahlavi, Mahmud-Reza, 62
Pakistan
criminal networks, 274
Iran’s anti’narcotic strategy, 179
Iranian NGOs role in implementing harm reduction, 157
lack of anti-drug cooperation, 83
refusal to end poppy cultivation, 64
role of Iranian NGOs in implementing harm reduction, 121
papagna (papaverum in Italy), 39
Park-e Marivan, 117
parliament (Islamic Republic), 13, 51
discussing illicit drug regulation, 269
impossibility to legislate vis a vis Expediency Council, 151
informal meetings on illicit drug regulation, 272
lack of legislative power on drug issues, 140
on declaration of rule of emergency, 160
opposition to harm reduction, 126
powers and limitations, 142
Rafsanjani’s quote, 139
sympathetic to Ahmadinejad’s government, 243
Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 167
payin-shahr (downtown), 208
Pentecostalism, 32
Pezeshkian, Mas‘ud, 183
pharmacies, 65
Planning and Management Organisation (MPO), 243
police
as informant, 213
budget for compulsory addiction camps, 203
force of the law, 126
in the parks, , 224
information regarding people involved in opiate factories, 60
missions in Southern Tehran, 40
number of drug arrests, 88
reform of law enforcement, 95
relation with NGOs, 263
reputation, 234
role in compulsory addiction camps, 202
sovreign on the grey zone, 229
use of medicine, 194
police states, 17
police, moral (gasht-e ershad), 171
police, Swiss anti-narcotics, 61
policymaking
and medicine, 157
bringing the revolution in government under Ahmadinejad, 287
debureucratisation, 242
during Rafsanjani’s government, 95
evidence-based approach, 255
Expediency Council’s powers, 149
inner-working in the Iranian state, 158
NGOs participation in the debate, 254
shortermism under Ahmadinejad, 244
under Ahmadinejad, 243
use of econometrics models, 282
view among the clergy on drug policy, 31
political order (nezam), 8, 10, 39, 71, 73, 233, 239, 284, 286, 287
and the place of Expediency Council, 140
in Khomeini’s 8 point declaration, 77
in the wake of Khomeini’s death, 90
legitimisation, 75
unchallenged by drug reformists, 114
political practice
distance with intellectual analysis,
in post-reformism, 192
in the fight against narcotics, 95
in the logics of crisis, 141
political practice (in methods)
adopting grassroots lens, 286
instead of formal politics, 31
instead of political rhetoric, 10
poppy
as a cash crop, 40
ban on eating poppy seeds, 56
boiled skin for syrup, 39
destruction of farms, 233
ecotype plant in Iran, 271
poppy cultivation
eradication in 1980s, 101
eradication in Afghanistan, 102
expert advise to reintroduce poppy ban, 67
first laws in Iran, 53
in occupied Afghanistan, 83
reconsidering cultivation during reformism, 233
reintroduction of cultivation in 1969, 63
US pressure to eradicate, 48
post-Islamism, 99
post-reformist state, 281
bringing back revolutionary principles, 201
going beyond legal, bureaucratic means, 212
government as society’s younger brother, 235
language of power, 264
relying on private sector for public duties, 237
post-war period (Iran–Iraq war)
and the role of medicine, 114
anomaly embodied by Ahmadinejad, 165
crisis, 283
effects on urban life, 79
privatisation, 235
reforms, 139
pre-Islamic history, 131
prison
as primary harms to drug users, 24
during the Islamic Republic
costs, 199
drugs available in prison, 108
methadone, 200
Narcotics Anonymous, 250
reforms, 111
suicide, 119
Triangular Clinics, 121
in the 1980s drug law, 80
Prison Organisation
cost of maintaining prisoners, 199
introducing needle exchange programmes in prison, 123
introduction of harm reduction in prison, 111
introduction of Triangular Clinics in prisons, 120
Mohammad Fellah (director), 108
plans to decrease number of drug offenders in prison, 198
requesting the police not to arrest addicts, 108
women’s branch referring female addict to private treatment camp, 209
prohibitionist regime
challenges to the model, 10
Iran a model for other third world countries, 52
origins in international conventions, 41
use of confiscation funds, 56
psychoactive revolution, 35
public space
as a site of drug consumption, 228
controlling drug consumption, 14
during the Constitutional Revolution, 41
Islamisation, 82
lack of entertainment, 172
middle class concerns, 95
opium use, 54
presence of homeless people, 224
presence of young people, 171
state intervention to expel deviants, 81
Purmohammadi, Mostafa, 198
Raji, Amir Hossein, 56
Ramadan, 39
Razzaghi, Emran, 231
Rebirth (Tavalod-e Dobareh)
creation of bourgeois recovery camps, 206
in support of 2010 drug law, 196
involvement in addiction recovery, 205
methods of addiction recovery, 249
NA philosophy, 256
origins and development,
policy branch of NA, 253
statements by director, 204
use of research in policy plan, 255
Regan, Ronald, 76
revolution
in the government (Ahmadinejad), 168
Rezaiof, Mirza Ja‘far, 41
Rezazadeh, Majid, 203
Rihali, Shahla, 59
road accidents, 185
Roitman, Janet, 284
Rouhani, Hassan
centrism, 147
crisis in power, 232
criticising Expediency Council, 151
effects of privatisation, 287
sahmiyah (quota system for opium), 41
San Francisco, 48
sanctions
economic isolation under Mossadeq, 51
international pressure, 206
international pressure on Iran, 170
nuclear-related measures, 233
trickled down to population, 211
saudageran-e badbakhti (merchants of misery), 83
saudageran-e marg (merchants of death), 83
Seda va Sima (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting), 173
seeing like a state, 23
Senate (in the Islamic Republic), 151
Senate (Pahlavi), 53
setadisation, of politics, 95
shahid, 87
sharbat-e baccheh, 39
shepherd, 185
Shush square, 116
Siragusa, Charles, 62
siyah-nemai, 113
smuggling
accusations against Afghan refugees, 84
accusations against Pahlavi Iran and Communist China, 52
Anti-Smuggling and Counterfeit setad, 92
attempts at eradication during Pahlavi period, 68
first laws against, 45
flourishing of routes during Pahlavi period, 46
global network, 48
involvement of minorities, 84
judged in revolutionary courts, 75
Khomeini’s declaration, 74
means of sustenance, 81
powers of Expediency Council, 156
tribale networks, 54
St Antony’s College, 4
statistics
call for reduction number of addicts, 270
death penalty, 12
driving intoxicated, 185
false circulation to engender crisis, 49
female drug abuse, 207
in methods, 29
lack of transparency, 245
number of harm reduction centres, 241
perception of drug problem, 234
use in presentation in drug policy event, 280
use in social sciences, 18
stem cells, 157
stigma
among heroin users, 107
among HIV-positive people, 119
among homeless people, 117
among injecting drug users, 106
among shireh users, 47
for drug (ab)use, 119
stigma (destigmatisation),
sufism, 46
sukhteh, 46
Supreme Judiciary Council, 142
Supreme Leader, 147
and the appointment of jurists in the Guardian Council, 141
appointment of members of the Expediency Council, 146
approval of laws emanated by the Expediency Council, 158
constitutional responsabilities, 145
crisis management role, 283
reigning, not governing, 160
relation to the Expediency Council, 150
representing the maximum authority, 141
turning into Absolture Guardianship of the Jurist, 142
unconventional powers, 149
Tabatabai, Seyyed Alizadeh, 106
Tabriz, 60
tah-e khatt, 106
Tahernokhost, Hamid-Reza, 212
Tashvigi, Foruhar, 250
Tazmini, Ghoncheh, 99
technology (medical), 7
technology (Western), 59
Tehran
and US FBN officials, 56
depression, 171
during the Constitutional Revolution, 40
during the coup d’etat against Mossadegh, 55
during the Pahlavi, 51
exodus from villages, 59
heroin cases, 58
opium coupon distrubution, 66
Pahlavi family and drug networks, 62
shirehkesh-khaneh, 47
Tehran City Council, 106
Tehran, East of, 128
Tehran, streets of, 83
Telegram app, 29
temporary marriage, 6
The Plague of Life, or Morphine (Afat-e Zendegi ya Morphine, 1960), 59
timarestan, 118
tout’eh-ye shaytani (diabolic conspiracy), 83
Tramadol, 175
Trudeau, Justin, 269
twilight zones, 265
uncivil society, 214
United Nations General Assembly on HIV/AIDS, 110
United States of America
drug policy, 25
university entry examination (konkur), 180
urban life
drug price, 59
fall of the Qajar, 40
harm reduction, 122
heroin, 79
image of the addict, 51
opium coupon users, 67
party scene, 175
patoqs, 116
policing, 85
the place of heroin, 58
urban middle class, 270
urban poor, 251
urbanisation, 78
vafursuzan (opium pipe burning), 50
Vahid-Dastjerdi, Marzieh, 182
Vanak Square, 129
vaqf, 44
Village Councils, 186
Vladivostok, 44
war in Afghanistan, 83
War on Drugs
basij volunteers, 85
conspiracy, 80
discoursive shift, 106
drugs as existential threat, 86
during the Islamic Revolution, 9
role of the Expediency Council, 93
United States of America, 52
welfare
based on popular participation, 94
for gender reassignment, 7
in the post-war period, 91
privatisation, 243
support for vulnerable people, 116
Welfare Organisation
budget in national drug policy, 245
funding used for non-welfare purposes, 246
licences to addiction recovery camps, 225
lincences to addiction recovery camps, 211
supervision of addiction recovery, 205
Weltanschauung, 167
Williams, Garland, 56
Wilson, Arnold (Sir), 39
World Bank, 130
World Health Organisation (WHO), 23
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