Large field-of-view mapping at atomic resolution

Figure 1 shows a large field-of-view annular dark field (ADF) image of atomic columns at the STO/LMO/STO/LMO interface. The interface appears abrupt in the upper portion of the image but is quite rough with the presence of terraces in the lower portion of the image indicating some growth inhomogeneities. The high sensitivity of the CCD in the GIF Quantum allows the acquisition of EELS at high speed with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the high stability of the micro-scope installation at IBM allows compositional distribution analysis at the atomic level across the entire area shown in the ADF STEM image in Figure 1. The region was divided into 1,050×1,050 pixels, and EELS spectra were acquired at a rate of 500 spectra/second across the entire area. Each EELS spectrum was acquired using an exposure time of 1.5 ms. Even with such a short exposure time, the system is so sensitive that high-energy edges such as the Sr L_2,3 at 1,940 eV have good SNR, as shown in Figure 2. Given the very short exposure time used for the experiment, the spectrometer was set with the highest possible binning both in the non-dispersive (vertical at 130×) and the energy (horizontal at 8×) directions. Binning along the vertical direction does not affect the energy resolution, but there is a huge improvement in sensitivity and spectral readout speed. Notwithstanding the improvements in sensitivity, 8× binning along the horizontal (that is, energy) direction strongly deteriorates the energy resolution as the total number of energy channels reduces from 2,048 down to 256. However, in the case of compositional analysis, the signal is extracted over a wide energy integration range, thus the energy resolution is not very important. Figure 3a shows a colorized composite of the EELS elemental maps for Ti, Mn, La, and Sr (oxygen is omitted for clarity). Here it is possible to see that the interface becomes fairly irregular in the lower portion of the map as indicated in the ADF STEM image (Figure 1). However, by zooming in on one of terraces along the interface, it is possible to observe elemental diffusion that in some areas across the STO/LMO interface extends up to 2 monolayers, as indicated by the 2 arrows in Figure 3b. In addition, the interface seems to maintain its crystalline structure with the presence of atomic columns containing both La and Sr in one case and Mn and Ti in the other case. It is important to mention that no spatial drift correction was employed during the acquisition of the spectrum imaging (SI). Although some spatial distortion and minor drift can be seen, the single, continuous pass acquisition ensures fidelity of the composition maps.

Figure 1 ADF STEM survey image. The EELS SI was taken across the region inside the green box that extends over the entire image.

Figure 2 Background subtracted EELS spectrum of the Sr L_2,3-edges at 1,940 eV. Each EELS spectrum was acquired with only 1.5 ms exposure time. Despite the short exposure time per spectrum, the Sr L₃ and L₂ white lines can be observed.

Figure 3 a) EELS colorized elemental maps across the STO/LMO/STO/LMO of Sr L_2,3-edges at 1,940 eV in red, Ti L_2,3-edges in green, Mn L_2,3-edges at 640 eV in blue, and La M_4,5-edges at 832 eV in purple. The contrast shown by these elemental maps is very high despite the short exposure time per spectrum. There is some roughness and elemental diffusion that can be observed across the interfaces. b) Enlarged view of the region in the black box of Figure 3a.

Combined EELS and EDS results from fast elemental mapping analysis

EELS and EDS elemental maps were taken from a smaller region of the same interface of Figure 1. In this case, EELS data were acquired in single-range mode, and three different signals (ADF, EDS, and EELS core-loss) were recorded simultaneously. To ensure adequate counts in the EDS data, the spectrum integration time per pixel was increased to 10 ms compared to the 1.5 ms of the first example. The EELS spectrum was acquired from 300 eV to 2,300 eV, and the EDS spectra were acquired simultaneously, integrating counts over the entire pixel time employed for the EELS acquisition. The entire 180×80 pixel spectrum imaging dataset was acquired in just over 2 minutes.

Elemental maps were constructed from spectrum images for relevant EELS edges (Sr-L at 1,940 eV, Ti L at 456 eV, O K at 532 eV, Mn L at 640 eV, and La M at 832 eV), and data were extracted using MLLS fitting [Reference Longo3, Reference Riegler and Kothleitner14, Reference Longo15]. In the case of EDS, elemental maps were extracted using the X-ray lines for the same elements (Sr Lα at 1.81 keV, Ti Kα at 4.51 keV, O K at 0.52 keV, Mn Kα at 5.90 keV, and La Lα at 4.65 keV) using an empirical Kramers background subtraction followed by MLLS fitting of each peak family represented by a set of Gaussian peaks [Reference Lifshin16]. X-ray maps using the O K line were unsatisfactory because of the overlap between the O K and Ti L peaks, the low fluorescence yield, and absorption effects that strongly affect low-energy X rays [Reference Longo4,Reference Longo8,Reference Van Grieken and Markowicz17].

Figures 4 shows the Ti, O, Mn, La, and Sr elemental maps obtained using EELS, whereas Figure 5 shows the same elemental maps taken with EDS X-ray signals. Qualitatively, there is less noise and higher contrast in all the EELS maps compared to those obtained using EDS. The O K elemental maps using EELS and EDS are shown in Figures 4b and 5b, respectively. The EELS data do not completely resolve individual oxygen atoms, but they do show the distributed oxygen framework. As mentioned above, the EDS data show no oxygen atom locations. Figures 6a and 6b show colorized elemental maps of Ti, Mn, La, and Sr and La obtained using EDS and EELS, respectively. The EELS map appears sharper and shows stronger contrast; the EDS data are noise-limited due to the low number of counts in each spectrum. It is important to note that the EELS and EDS data shown are the raw output and have not been filtered or de-noised.

Figure 4 EELS elemental maps: a) Ti L_2,3-edges at 456 eV; b) O K-edge at 532 eV; c) Mn L_2,3-edges at 640 eV; d) La M_4,5-edge at 832 eV; and e) Sr L_2,3-edges at 1,940 eV.

Figure 5 EDS elemental maps: a) Ti K lines at 4.51 keV; b) O K lines at 0.52 keV; c) Mn K lines at 5.90 keV; d) La L lines at 4.65 keV; and e) Sr L lines at 1.81 keV.

Figure 6 Colorized elemental maps of Ti in green, Sr in red, Mn in blue, and La in purple acquired using a) EELS and b) EDS.

Investigating chemistry across the interface

EELS can provide chemical bonding information when analyzing the core-loss region of the EELS spectrum. Bonding and coordination influences the shape of the near-edge fine structure and can shift the edge threshold energy resulting in a so-called chemical shift. These advantages are countered by the presence of plural scattering that can blur the shape of the near-edge structure and energy drift that prevents accurate measurements of the small chemical shift. Both these problems can be corrected using the low-loss spectrum acquired under the same conditions as the core-loss spectrum [Reference Longo3, Reference Gubbens9, Reference Scott10]. This acquisition capability is called DualEELS and allows nearly simultaneous collection of different regions of the EELS spectrum under the same experimental conditions.

To analyze compositional and bonding changes in this sample, data were acquired at higher energy resolution from the interface region using DualEELS mode. The spectrometer was configured with a dispersion of 0.25 eV/channel to give a measured energy resolution of 0.75 eV but an energy range from 0 to 900 eV (using DualEELS mode). This setup allows fine structure analysis of oxygen and transition metal edges. The regions of the EELS spectrum from 0 eV to 500 eV and 400 eV to 900 eV were acquired nearly simultaneously with 10 μs transition time between exposures of 0.037 ms and 25 ms, respectively. The EDS data were recorded over the total pixel time of the DualEELS acquisition. The entire 160×45 pixel spectrum imaging dataset was taken in just 3 minutes.

Given the energy range allowed by this experiment, only the Ti-L, O-K, Mn-L and La-M edges were analyzed from the EELS data. The Sr-M edge at 130 eV was recorded but provides low SNR maps because of the high background in this region of the EELS spectrum [Reference Botton18], and the Sr L-edge at 1,940 eV was beyond the energy window in this setup. Because EDS data was acquired simultaneously, the Sr intensity could be monitored from the EDS line at 1.81 keV. This map can then be combined with those obtained by EELS. The EDS data only deliver compositional information, thus chemical and bonding information was available only for Ti, O, Mn, and La.

Composition maps at this high-energy resolution configuration were extracted from the area across the interface in the upper region of the ADF STEM image in Figure 1. The EELS and EDS maps were acquired using the method outlined in the previous section. Figure 7 shows the Ti, O, Mn, and La composition maps obtained using EELS, as well as a Sr composition map obtained using EDS. These elemental maps were combined to generate the composite color map in Figure 8 that shows the distribution of each element (oxygen is omitted for clarity). The intermixing across the interface that is also observed in the EELS compositional maps in Figures 3 and 6a, can now be further investigated by looking at changes in the fine structure of Ti, O, and Mn that occur across the interface region.

Figure 7 Ti, O, Mn, La, and Sr. a) EELS using the Ti L_2,3-edge at 456 eV; b) EELS using O K-edge at 532 eV; c) EELS using the Mn L_2,3-edges at 640 eV; d) EELS using the La M_4,5-edges at 832 eV; and e) EDS using the Sr L at 1.81 keV. Here the EELS spectrometer was set up with high dispersion in order to increase the energy resolution for the fine structure analysis. As a result, the field of view is reduced and extends up to 900 eV. Thus, the Sr L_2,3-edges at 1,940 eV are out of the field of view.

Figure 8 Colorized representation of the elemental maps in Figure 7 using Ti L in green, La M in purple, and Mn L in blue obtained using EELS, and Sr L in red obtained using EDS. The numbers 1–7 correspond to the selected region where the EELS spectra in Figures 9a–c were extracted.

Figure 9 shows high-energy resolution EELS spectra of the Ti L_2,3-edges, O K-edge, and Mn L_2,3-edges extracted from the selected regions in Figure 8 across the STO/LMO/STO interfaces. Each spectrum is normalized to the same maximum and then vertically shifted for better visualization. Changes in the fine structure can be observed in every spectrum, although they are quite strong in the case of the O K-edge in Figure 9b. Here, the shape goes from that typical of SrTiO₃ to something intermediate with that of LaMnO₃. The pre-peak in the O K edge at 529 eV is due to the excitation of the electrons from the O 1s state to the partially filled O 2p state, which can be partially hybridized with 3D states of the transition metal. The size of this pre-peak is related to the strength of the hybridization with the transition metal, which varies as a result of different coordinations of the bonded atoms. In this case, O atoms in the same column are bonded to both Mn and Ti atoms. The effects of such intermixing can be seen in the O K-edge fine structure at the interface.

Figure 9 a) Ti L_2,3, b) O K, and c) Mn L_2,3 EELS data extracted from the selected region in Figure 8. All the spectra were normalized to same maximum in intensity and vertically offset for better visualization.

As shown in Figure 9a the Ti L2,3-edges in the EELS spectrum splits into two sets of different peaks between 456 eV and 466 eV that can be labeled as L₃- and L₂-edges, respectively. They correspond to electronic transitions from the 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 core levels to a 3D excited state. Both edges are divided into t_2g and e_g bands whose relative intensities reflect the different distortions of the local coordination environment, and, coupled with simulations, they can be used to detect crystal distortion or changes in the oxidation state. As shown in Figure 9a there is the presence of Ti across the entire LMO layer, but the shape of Ti L_2,3-edges remains largely unchanged showing the features typical of Ti 4+. This indicates that the Ti atoms tend to keep their configuration largely unchanged going from the STO to the LMO layers. As mentioned above, the ZLP was used to correct for energy drift effects that usually occur as result of microscope or environmental instabilities. In this way the true chemical shift can be observed as shown in Figure 9c where the Mn L2,3-edges for the spectra in position 1 and 2 are slightly shifted at lower energy.