Peasant uprisings directed against the landowners and the state have always been a matter of interest to Marxists. This interest can be traced back from Stalin to Lenin, who attached special significance to the historic role of the peasantry, and further back to Engels, who published a separate study of the peasant war in Germany. In many respects this work of Engels became a model of research for Marxist scholars, who for a long time imitated it and frequently repeated its conclusions word for word. This applied both to his discussion of the causes of a "peasant war" and to his explanation of its failure.

Remembered today mainly as a reactionary propagandist and as a writer of colorful and exotic though not especially significant novels, Konstantin Leont'ev also wrote highly original and provocative criticism of Russian literature. Departing radically from the standard doctrine that Russia's literary "golden age," having begun with Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol, continued until the end of the nineteenth century, Leont'ev attempted to show that Pushkin and his contemporaries represented the end of great Russian literary development, and that all who came afterwards were victims or symbols of decline.

Four different conceptions of the role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union can be discerned as having had an influence upon its recruitment policy at different periods. One or the other of these conceptions has dominated in each phase of the Party's growth, with the exception of the Civil War years and the period of World War II. In those two turbulent times a relatively open door policy prevailed, and devoted war service seems to have been the main criterion of suitability for membership.

On April 21, 1957, the "Slogans of the CK KPSS for May 1, 1957" appeared on the front page of Pravda. This was the ninth list of Central Committee slogans to be issued following the death of Stalin. Its principal significance was the indication it gave that at long last Soviet slogan-makers had made an effort to face up to the moribund state into which the slogans had fallen. Under Stalin the slogas devolved into a formula-ridden repetition of stock words and phrases, ever growing more long-winded and dull. Gone were the brief, pungent slogans in the classic manner: "Who does not work— does not eat."

This article presents a general survey of the metallurgical industry of Poland based on recent statistics, some of which are still unpublished. The information on efficiency, raw material shortages, and costs is designed to throw light on the industry's comparative advantage position and on the economic rationality of its investments.

In 1955, Poland produced 4,400,000 tons of crude steel, a little less than one-tenth as much as the Soviet Union and seven percent of the steel output of the entire Soviet bloc including Communist China. By 1960, the output of steel is scheduled to reach around 250 kilograms per head (which may be compared with 291 kgs in France and 113 kgs in Italy in 1955). Poland is now in process of overtaking Czechoslovakia in overall level of steel production though still lagging far behind in output per head.

From about 1930 to 1950 linguistic work in the Soviet Union was dominated by the officially recognized theories and practices of the so-called Marr "school." For the most part, any but minor deviations from the theoretical foundations established by Nikolaj Ja. Marr (1865-1934) were severely suppressed. In 1950, however, Stalin officially repudiated Marr's theories and disbanded the group of linguists who had followed in his footsteps.

Within a small circle of student friends at Moscow University in the 1830's—a group of young men immersed in German literature and philosophy—one can find the early beginnings of nearly all the trends, movements and schools which developed in Russian intellectual life of the nineteenth century. The roster of those who were in regular contact with one another as members of the circle or who directly felt its influence includes Belinskij, Bakunin, and Granovskij, Ja. M. Neverov, who became active in the field of education, V. P. Botkin, remembered for his magnificent correspondence with Belinskij, the "peasant" poet A. V. Kol'cov, whom Stankevich brought into Russian literature, Konstantin Aksakov, later the most extravagant of the Slavophiles, M. N. Katkov, and for a brief period at the end of the decade, the novelist Turgenev.

The present study is intended as an over-all view of teaching and research in the Slavic and East European Field. Almost ten years had elapsed since Coleman's third survey, published in 1948, and the need for a new study became increasingly apparent. The writer's survey was begun during the academic year 1954-1955, and certain phases of the investigation continued until the present. During 1954-1955 questionnaires were sent to all the 183 American and Canadian institutions reported as teaching Russian by the Modern Language Association of America. The list, compiled as the result of a survey, appeared in the September, 1954, issue of Publications of the Modern Language Association (LXIX, 29-30).