Index
Abel-Smith, Brian, 60
Abortion Act (UK), 143
Acheson, Donald, 87
aftercare under supervision, 75
AIDS and sexual diversity, 338
alcoholism and psychiatry
Bosnia peacekeeping, 387
homelessness and,
mortality from, 241
NHS units origin for, 177
policies concerning, 243
rate of alcohol consumption, 240
Aliens Act, 364
Anna Freud Centre, 362
anorexia nervosa, 204
anti-psychiatry in Britain
assessment of, 7
baby boomer revolt and, 191
iconic books in,
impact of, 194
importance of society in,
versus mainstream psychiatry, 194
and Mental Health Act, 74
philosophy behind, 6
result of lawsuits, 145
revolts in,
therapeutic communities and, 7
versus Whiggish approach, 6
Appleby, Luis, 278
Arie, Tom, 216
Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model (US), 298
Asylums: Essays on the Social Situations of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, 193
attachment in children’s services, 203
autism, 204
BALANCE trial, 157
Balint, Enid, 146
Bamber, Helen,
BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic)
criminal justice system, 348,
defined, 348
demonology of, 349
lack of societal visibility, 353
marginalisation of, 349
pathologisation of, 353
relevant health policies, 356
self-identity of, 353
victimisation of,
Barton, Russell, 56,
battered child syndrome, 205
behaviourism and religion, 373
Beveridge Report, 24
Beyer, Bernhard, 6
Big Medicine, 165
biological psychiatry
defined, 151
formation of,
neuroimaging advances and,
psychopharmacology,
randomised clinical trials (RCTs),
religion and,
Birley, Bill, 174
Boateng, Paul, 277
Bosnia peacekeeping, 387
Bourdin, Pierre, 36
Bournewood legal case, 79
Brain Committee, 241
Bridges Over Troubled Waters, 94
British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP), 164
Broadmoor Special Hospital, 282
Brown, George, 26,
Building Bridges, 97
Burns, Alistair, 218
Butler Report, 283
Campaign Against Psychiatric Oppression, 8
Campbell, Peter, 120
cannabis,
Care Act (UK), 132
Care Programme Approach (CPA), 97
Caring for People, 104
Charter of Story-Telling Rights,
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), 95
child guidance clinic model,
child protection,
children’s services (UK)
child guidance clinic model, ,
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 203
consolidation of, 207
family therapy,
Internet and, 209
multidisciplinary practice, 203
psychotherapy, 202
scope of guidelines on, 95
service framework,
victims of abuse, 287
young offenders services, 208
children’s services (UK) disorders
anorexia nervosa, 204
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 204
autism, 204
self-harming, 204
suicide and, 204
children’s services (UK) maltreatment
battered child syndrome, 205
child protection,
Children Act (UK), 206
public recognition of, 206
sexual abuse,
children’s services (UK) research
assessment and measurement, 204
attachment, 203
epidemiological, 204
longitudinal, 204
multi-axial approach to diagnosis, 204
Chrysalis project,
Church of England, 376
citizenship and service user movement, 124
civil partnerships, 339
civil rights movement (US), 74
Clare, Anthony, 36
Clarke, Ken
consistency of views, 85
early political background,
good humour of, 85
interview with,
personal characteristics and mental health negotiations,
class/command dynamic,
Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study, 156
clinical psychiatry in Britain
1960 scenario, 171
2010 scenario,
criticisms of,
development of specialties,
lack of archival sources, 172
psychiatric hospital remembrances,
rehabilitation remembrances,
versus Scotland,
sectorisation of,
clinical psychology in Britain
1960–2010,
behaviourism and, 373
characteristics of, 197
inter-professional dynamics, 198
psychiatry and, 195
Clunis, Christopher, ,
Clunis Report,
cocaine, 247
Cochrane Collaboration,
Coffey, Ann, 276
colonies (mentally defective), 231
community care. See also deinstitutionalisation; service user movement
Community Mental Health Teams (CHMTs),
defined, 222
features of,
financing,
fragmentation with, 96
homicide inquiries, , 287
major landmarks in, 301
versus North America and Australia, 294
offenders with mental disorders,
people with intellectual disability, 237
primary care psychiatry,
remembrances of, 174
specialist teams for crisis intervention,
staffing needs for,
voluntary mental health organisations,
Community Care Act (UK), 8
Community Mental Handicap Teams (CMHTs),
Community Mental Health Teams (CHMTs)
differing approaches to treatment in,
specialisation of,
Community Organisation for Psychiatric Emergencies, 8
compulsory admission requirements (psychiatric hospital)
emergency order, 71
observation order, 70
treatment order, 70
computerised tomography (CT),
consent (patient), ,
Crime (Sentences) Act (UK),
Criminal Justice Act (UK), 283
Criminal Justice and Court Services Act (UK), 283
critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), 386
Crossman, Richard, 65
culture in Britain
1960–2010,
importance in psychiatric training,
psychiatry and,
refugee mental health,
CUtLASS trial, 157
Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD)
changing to risk in prisons, 286
cost-effectiveness of, 277
early history of,
efficacy of, 278
origins of, 272
political action between 1997 and 1999,
reasons to have, 276
Darenth Park Hospital, 114
Decade of the Brain, , 158
Defeat Depression Campaign, 165
deficits (social), 43
deinstitutionalisation. See also community care; neoliberalism
closing of psychiatric hospitals and,
Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD),
Enoch Powell and, 306
international differences in, 18
length of time involved,
voluntary mental health organisations and,
deinstitutionalisation of psychiatry in Britain
dementia neuroimaging,
diagnosis in psychiatry
children’s services, 204
international differences in,
multi-axial approach to, 204
stigma and, , 266
Dingleton Hospital, 37
Divided Self, 192
Dobson, Frank, 98
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (UK), 287
Donabedian, Avedis, 112
dopamine, 155
Dowler, Milly, 273
Early, Douglas, 183
Education Act 1944 (UK), 25
Education Act 1971 (UK), 233
Education Act 1981 (UK), 234
Enhancing Imaging Genetics through Met-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, 158
epidemiology in psychiatry
Britain versus United States, 16
children’s services (UK), 204
pregnancy loss, 316
substance abuse, 243
Equal Pay Act (UK), 143
eugenics and pregnancy loss, 317
Eysenck, Hans, 196
Fairfield Hospital, 49
Falklands War,
False Balances, 169
false confession (inmate),
family therapy,
Feminine Mystique,
feminism, 144
field psychiatric teams (FPTs), 386
financialisation of capitalism,
First World War psychiatric problems,
fluorodopa, 155
forensic psychiatry
Butler Report, 283
care in prison,
community care,
dangerous assessment change to risk, 286
demographics of, 176
DHS developments in, 282
evolution of psychiatry in, 281
false confessions,
international perspective on treatment,
multi-axial approach,
offenders and, 281
professional training developments, 282
victim-centred therapy, 287
forward psychiatry (PIE),
Foucault, Michel, 192
Freud, Sigmund, 373
Friern Hospital, 63
Friedan, Betty,
Fulbourne Hospital, 61
functional MRI (fMRI), 155
functional neuroimaging
functional MRI, 155
hyperfrontality and, 154
positron emission tomography (PET), 155
fusion law, 78
Gatsby Foundation, 393
genetics and neurology,
genome-wide association studies (GWAS),
Goldberg, David, 14
Goodmayes Hospital, 113
Gostin, Larry, 75
Grabham, Anthony, 85
Great Confinement,
Green Light Toolkit, 235
Grendon prison, 284
guardianship, 71
Gulf War 1991, 387
Hamilton, Max, 164
Harris, Tirril,
health, defined, 61
Health and Social Care Act (UK), 27
Henderson, David, 274
Hill, Denis, 281
Hollins, Sheila, 278
Holywell Psychiatric Hospital, 10
homelessness and mental health
alcoholism and,
history of,
Housing (Homeless persons) Act,
housing projects, 258
mental disorders in, 260
prevalence of, 251
Single and Homeless,
social exclusion and,
Hooper, Alison, 279
Hospital Plan for England and Wales, A, , 130
Hospital Services for the Mentally Ill, 104
Housing (Homeless persons) Act,
Howe, Geoffrey, 63
Human Condition, A, 75
human genome project (HGP), 157
human rights movement, 8
Huntington’s chorea,
hyperfrontality and functional neuroimaging, 154
Illich, Ivan,
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, 99
individual choice, 8
individualism in Britain
industrial therapy (IT), 54
Institutionalism and Schizophrenia, 173
International Classification of Diseases, 163
Internet, 8
intersectional oppressions in mental health care, 123
Iron Triangle, 265
Islam and mental health, 379
Isle of Wight study, 204
labelling theory, 34
Laing, R. D. (Ronnie), 192
learning disability, defined, 234
legal revolution and Mental Health Act, 72
Lewis, Aubrey, 33
lithium clinical trial, 153
Local Authority Social Services Act (UK), 233
Lunar House, 364
Madness and Civilization, 192
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 154
Major, John,
marketisation (public services), 96
Marks, Isaac,
Medical Nemesis: Limits to Medicine,
Medicines Act, 245
mental disorder, defined, 70
Mental Health Act 1959 (UK)
administrative,
compulsory admission,
guardianship, 71
joint policy of Department of Health and Home Office,
legal, 72
liberal admission policies in, 49
mental subnormality, 232
outpatient care and, 13
pharmacological, 71
provisions of,
from psychiatric hospital to community care, 93
remembrances of, 173
Mental Health Act 1983 (UK)
context of,
Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD), 273
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 17
improvements in, 95
and National Association for Mental Health (Mind),
patient consent and, 8
provisions of,
Mental Health Act 1995 (UK), 298
Mental Health Act 2007 (UK),
Mental Health Act 2017 (UK),
Mental Health Alliance, 76
Mental Health Foundation,
mental health legislation changes (1890–2016), 80
mental health nursing
clinical trials and,
development of profession,
gains in importance of, 188
increase in training,
legal definition of, 182
mental health policy changes affecting, 187
patient care, 188
people with intellectual disability,
in psychiatric hospitals,
Mental Health Patients Union, 8
mental health policy and economics (UK)
1960–2010
community care financing,
health care funding,
linkages between, 103
oil crisis and,
rationale for,
specialist services,
women and,
community care funding, 94
risk assessment,
mental health policy (UK)
ageism and,
attitudes research, 265
child guidance clinic model,
children’s services,
children’s services (UK), 206
conflict in,
Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD),
joint policy of Department of Health and Home Office,
marketisation of, 96
modernisation of,
nursing law, 187
pity and parity,
pregnancy loss, 315
public perceptions and, 267
race and, 356
refugees, 364
Scotland, , 173
sexual diversity, 339
stigma and, , 266
substance abuse,
treatment rather than containment,
unemployment,
Water Tower speech, 93
Worcester Development Project, 94
Mental Patients’ Union, 130
mental subnormality, 232
Mental Treatment Act (UK), , 128
mind state in Britain (1960–2010)
bewitched nature of, 393
deinstitutionalisation,
economy from Second World War, 1
increasing importance of culture in training,
major changes in policy,
mental health workforce changes,
political views during, 1
redemption of psychiatry, 393
Moorhaven Hospital, 185
multi-axial approach to diagnosis, 204
Murphy, Elaine, 216
Myth of Mental Illness, The, 193
National Autistic Society, 8
National Dementia Strategy,
National Development Team for the Mentally Handicapped, 233
National Health and Community Care Act (UK), 308
National Health Insurance Act (UK), 23
National Health Service (UK). See also mental health management
1970 recession, 25
evolution to 2010,
large management stratum,
Margaret Thatcher and, 25
neoliberalism and,
origins of, , 167
Private Finance Initiative (PFI),
tribal culture, 116
unravelling of, 29
National Insurance Act (UK), 24
National Service Framework,
National Service Framework for Older People, 217
neoconservatism in Britain, 28
neoliberalism. See also deinstitutionalisation
beginnings of,
Margaret Thatcher and,
in medicine, 168
mental health services, 311
National Health Service (UK),
social psychiatry and, 36
neurology in Britain
Cochrane Collaboration,
computerised tomography (CT),
Decade of the Brain, 158
dementia and,
dopamine, 155
evidence-based medicine,
functional,
genetics and,
importance of, 10
increasing importance of social science to,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 154
substance abuse,
new social movements (NSM), 120
Nirje, Bengt, 232
Northern Ireland counter-insurgency, 386
Offender Mental Health Care Pathway, 286
oil crisis and mental health funding,
opioid deaths, 244
oral contraceptives (OC), 142
Ordinary Life, An, 234
Patient Involvement in Improving the Evidence Base on Inpatient Care (PERCEIVE), 107
patients’ movements in Britain
People First, 234
people with intellectual disability
abuse of, 235
Autism Act, 236
campaigns to improve hospitals, 232
community care, 237
Education Act 1981 (UK), 234
history of service to,
Mental Capacity Act,
mental health policy, 233
National Health Service and Community Care Act (UK), 235
normalisation, 232
nursing,
patient abuse,
psychiatry, 236
reform campaigns, 234
supported living, 235
Valuing People, 235
people with learning disabilities (PWLD), 234
pharmacological revolution
1960–1980
anti-psychiatry,
Big Medicine and, 165
British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP), 164
International Classification of Diseases, 163
monoamine formation, 164
notable academics, 164
randomised clinical trials (RCTs),
standardisation of clinical practice, 164
1980–2000
biological psychiatry formation,
benzodiazepine dependence controversy, 165
clinical trials in, 166
Defeat Depression Campaign, 165
evidence-based medicine, 166
industry controls of,
selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting drugs (SSRIs), 165
treatment hazards in, 167
2000 to present
conflicts of interest in, 168
National Health Service (UK), 167
neoliberalism, 168
NICE guidelines, 167
withdrawal based on profits, 168
beginnings of, 163
chlorpromazine, 307
Mental Health Act (UK), 71
Plath, Sylvia, 141
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (UK), 286
Poor Law (UK), 24
positron emission tomography (PET), 155
Post, Felix, 212
post-psychiatry movement, 195
postmodernisation of culture in Britain,
postmodernism. See also social psychiatry
Decade of the Brain,
Great Confinement and,
influence of psychiatry, 38
psychiatric diagnosis and, 35
postnatal depression, 142
postpartum psychosis, 142
pregnancy loss
attitudes towards,
epidemiology of, 316
men and,
parenting after,
policy and, 315
and women’s mental health,
premenstrual tension, 142
primary care psychiatry,
Pringle, John, 132
prison care,
Private Finance Initiative (PFI),
Protection for the Rights of Mental Patients in Treatment, 8
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,
psychiatric hospitals (UK). See also mental handicap hospitals
1950-
post–Second World War,
scandals,
two-tier system,
1960-
changes in,
remembrances of,
1960s
evidence-based practice,
historical perspectives, 49
industrial therapy (IT), 54
Mental Health Testimony Archive, 49
move towards community care, 55,
patient employment, 54
variable standards,
high security,
as historic route of care for mental health problems, 128
involuntary admissions 1964–2014, 81
mental health nursing in,
mental subnormality, 232
offenders with mental disorders,
older people inpatient percentage, , 214
one year in, 107
scandals in,
women doctors in, 137
psychiatry in Britain
1960–2010
anti-psychiatry,
deinstitutionalisation,
diagnostic nomenclature,
evidence-based medicine, 9
historiography, 4
patients’ movements,
privileging of psychopharmacology, neurochemistry, and neurobiology,
self-care, 4
versus anti-psychiatry, 194
Balint methodology, 146
biological,
clinical evolution,
clinical psychology and, 195
conflict with government,
culture and,
epidemiology,
forward,
offenders with mental disorders,
past versus future in,
people with intellectual disability, 236
post-psychiatry movement, 195
pregnancy loss, 320
primary care,
radical psychiatrists, 194
redemption of, 393
refugees and,
religion and, 374,
research,
responsibility without power, 266
service user movement and, 122
sexual minorities and mental health,
social/epidemiological nature of, 163
stigma in,
timeline of women in, 138
versus United States, 13,
women and,
psychiatry in Britain, of mental handicap, 236
Psychiatry in Dissent, 36
psychiatry of mental handicap, 236
psychiatry of old age (POA) services
1960–1989
lack of recognition as specialty,
lack of standards for,
origins of, 214
psychiatric hospital percentage, , 214
slow incorporation into NHS,
stereotyping, 215
1989–2010
Equality Act (UK), 219
fragmentation of services, 217
Mental Capacity Act, 218
National Dementia Strategy,
National Service Framework for Older People, 217
defined, 212
Psychopathic States, 274
psychopharmacology in Britain
evolution of,
international differences in,
randomised clinical trials (RCTs),
Quality and Effectiveness of Supported Tenancies (QuEST), 108
race and mental health
BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic), 348
criminal justice system, 348,
historical perspectives,
lack of societal visibility, 353
marginalisation of, 349
media depictions of, 356
pathologisation of, 353
relevant health policies, 356
self-identity of, 353
victimisation of,
radical psychiatrists, 194
Rampton Special Hospital, 288
randomised clinical trials (RCTs)
biological psychiatry,
clinical psychologists and,
Cochrane Collaboration,
nurses and,
start in Britain,
REACT study,
Rees, Linford, 164
refugee mental health
culture and,
employment and, 366
experience of,
Helen Bamber and,
interventions, 366
psychiatry and,
reception into Britain,
women, 366
refugees
defined, 361
history in Britain,
numbers of, 361
policies concerning, 364
Vietnamese example, 367
reinstitutionalisation, 223
religion and mental health
1960–2010, 377
changing professional attitudes towards,
Church of England, 376
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), 374
history of, 373,
Islam and, 379
Mental Health Foundation, 377
not passed down to children, 375
nursing and, 378
pluralism, 375
service user influence,
Rethink Mental Illness, 132
Rivers of Blood speech, 306
Robb, Barbara, 63
Roth, Martin, 164
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, 56
Sans Everything,
Sargant, William,
Saxondale Hospital, 86
Schizophrenia Fellowship, 132
Scientific and Medical Network, 378
Second World War refugees, 362
secularism,
selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting drugs (SSRIs), 165
self-harming behaviour, 204
service-based data, defined, 42
service user movement. See also community care
citizenship rights and, 124
clinical psychiatry,
disability activism and,
implementation gap in,
intersectional oppressions, 123
and Mental Health Act, 79
National Service Framework,
recovery and, 95
recovery model and, 37
religion and spirituality,
research subjectivity,
social history of,
Severalls Hospital, 61
Sex Discrimination Act (UK), 143
sexual abuse, , 287
sexual diversity and mental health
AIDS and, 338
bisexuality, 338
concepts,
diagnostic indecision,
going from being the problem to having problems,
homosexuality,
key legal changes in,
mental health policy (UK), 339
policy timeline, 340
transgender, 338
sexual minorities and mental health
common problems, 341
professional practice with,
psychiatry in Britain,
Shelter, 253
Sherwood Forest Hospital Foundation Trust, 88
Single and Homeless,
Sir Jules Thorn Trust, 186
social determinants of mental health,
social drift, defined, 33
social exclusion,
social inequality and health, 27
Social Origins of Depression,
social psychiatry. See also post-modernism; social constructionism
defined, 13
developments in,
inequalities in, 38
macro level of epidemiology,
meso level of epidemiology,
micro version of epidemiology,
neoliberalism and, 36
origins of, 33
philosophical rift in,
psychiatric epidemiology in Britain,
psychosis and, 33
service innovation and, 37
Social Psychiatry and Social Epidemiology (journal),
Somerset Spirituality Project,
specialist services economics,
Spiritual Crisis Network, 378
spirituality and mental health
changing professional attitudes towards,
nursing and, 378
occupational therapy, 378
replacing religion, 375
Scientific and Medical Network, 378
service user influence,
Somerset Spirituality Project,
Spiritual Crisis Network, 378
Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group (SPSIG), , 393
standardisation of clinical practice
lack of old age,
patient suicide and, 188
pharmacological revolution, 164
variable standards,
stigma, 34
stigma and mental health diagnosis, , 266
stigma/deviance dynamic,
Stillbirth (Definition) Act (UK), 315
Stoke Park Hospital, 233
substance abuse
deaths in UK from, 239
epidemiology as research tool, 243
future services for,
harms related to, 246
laws affecting, , 245
Misuse of Drugs Act, 242
neuroscience and,
outsourcing of treatment, 265
public health response to,
ranked according to harm, 247
sexual minorities, 341
women and,
Sutcliffe, Peter, 177
Szasz, Thomas, 193
Team for the Assessment Psychiatric Services (TAPS), 106
therapeutics in psychiatry
international differences in,
military communities,
Time to Change campaign,
tobacco use, 243
Todd Report on Medical Education, 196
Together We Stand, 96
transinstitutionalisation, 174
unemployment among people with mental health conditions,
unemployment and mental health,
United Kingdom Advocacy Network, 8
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 95
United Nations Refugee Convention, 364
Valuing People, 235
veterans and mental health
Bosnia peacekeeping, 387
Falklands War,
forward psychiatry (PIE),
Gulf War 1991, 387
Northern Ireland counter-insurgency, 386
PTSD, 386,
scope of, 384
women and, 389
voluntary mental health organisations. See also mental health management
deinstitutionalisation and,
family, friends and caregiver role,
history of, 129
importance of, 128
pregnancy loss and, 321
and psychiatric hospital scandals,
stigma and,
and transition to community care,
welfare state in Britain
evolution to 2010,
health care reform 1960–2010,
origins of,
unravelling of, 29
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, 157
Whittingham Hospital, 62
Winnicott, Clare, 146
women and mental health
in 1960 lifestyle, 137
Chrysalis project, 148
Feminine Mystique,
feminism and, 144
laws affecting,
menstruation and pregnancy,
oral contraceptives (OC), 142
services for,
timeline, 138
Women’s Therapy Centre, 145
Worcester Development Project, 94
young offenders services, 208
Zito, Jonathan,
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