Introduction
Each year, an estimated 40 million people require palliative care, and 78% living in low- and middle-income countries (Bray et al., Reference Bray, Ferlay and Soergomataram2018). One-third of death events in palliative care are estimated to be secondary to cancer, highlighting the importance of oncology in the field (World Health Organization, 2018). Cancer patients can present debilitating manifestations either related to the disease or its specific treatment. Of the symptoms described, pain is the most frequent, accounting for 70–90% (van den Beuken-van Everdingen et al., Reference van den Beuken-van Everdingen, de Rijke and Kessels2007; Kamal et al., Reference Kamal, Bull and Stinson2013; Freire et al., Reference Freire, Sawada and de França2014). Additionally, most challenges faced by cancer patients are in the areas of social and emotional support, spiritual/philosophical view of life, and body image (Heydarnejad et al., Reference Heydarnejad, Hassanpour and Solati2011). These findings indicate that this population needs special multidisciplinary attention for clinical management (Temel et al., Reference Temel, Greer and Muzikansky2010).
Given the current impact of cancer on society and that many patients will develop the advanced stage of disease, it is essential to apply palliative care in a multidisciplinary scope and assess the current physical and emotional requirements. Several scales were created with this aim: among the clinical symptoms analysis tools available, the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) (Bruera et al., Reference Bruera, Kuehn and Miller1991) is one of the most used for its functionality, measuring the severity of common symptoms in those patients (Bakitas et al., Reference Bakitas, Lyons and Hegel2009). On the other hand, for extended evaluations (physical, psychological, and spiritual scopes), it may be necessary to apply additional tools. The Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS) includes aspects regarding symptom control, as well as family and patient psychosocial needs such as communication and information (Hearn and Higginson, Reference Hearn and Higginson1999). This questionnaire also provides space to list the main symptoms in the last three days (Albers et al., Reference Albers, Echteld and de Vet2010).
Several studies have assessed the determinants of the quality of life (QoL) of patients with terminal cancer (Hodgson et al., Reference Hodgson, Higginson and McDonnel1997; Grov et al., Reference Grov, Dahl and Moum2005; Hui et al., Reference Hui, Parsons and Damani2011; Deeken et al., Reference Deeken, Taylor and Mangan2013), but assessments are still scarce for hospitalized patients, particularly in South America (Collins et al., Reference Collins, Witt and Bausewein2015). Hospitalized patients face potentially higher rates of depression and anxiety, as well as lower overall QoL scores (Paiva et al., Reference Paiva, Manfredini and Paiva2015; IsHak et al., Reference IsHak, Collison and Danovitch2017), justifying the need for assessing this population individually. Additionally, there is insufficient information regarding end-of-life support for the patient and caregivers (Elmstedt et al., Reference Elmstedt, Mogensen and Hallmans2019). Therefore, symptoms and quality measurements for cancer patients in this distinct environment are essential for treatment planning (Smith et al., Reference Smith, Temin and Alesi2012).
In this cross-sectional study, we aim to analyze the socio-demographic profile, symptoms, and QoL scores of advanced hospitalized cancer patients at the General Hospital of the University of Campinas, Brazil. We also sought possible socio-demographic or disease-related predictors, factors that could help improve the quality of care of advanced cancer patients through the identification of risk groups.
Methods
Sample and design
This study consisted of a cross-sectional evaluation of advanced cancer patients (patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease upon diagnosis or relapse) hospitalized under palliative care at the General Hospital of the University of Campinas, Brazil, between July 2019 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria consisted of malignant neoplasm confirmed by biopsy, advanced tumor or subsequent recurrence, age greater than 18 years, and hospitalization from clinical complications related to neoplastic disease or palliative treatment. The exclusion criteria involved patients with diagnosed cognitive alterations that could interfere with the appropriate completion of the questionnaires.
Ethical approval and informed consent
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Campinas (registration no: 42707815.6.0000.5404). The investigator obtained a written consent form of each patient before any specific activity of the study was performed.
Measurements on social, demographic, and clinical characteristics
Patients were identified according to their registration number and initials. A demographic and clinical report form was filled out by the investigators based on the medical record assessment. The demographic and social data collected were age, gender, ethnicity, and education level. It was questioned about the presence of a caregiver and, if there was any, the degree of kinship concerning the patient.
Regarding the neoplastic disease, the location of the primary tumor, date of diagnosis, knowledge on diagnosis and therapy objectives, tumor staging, and treatment status were also collected. Data regarding hospitalization were dates of entry and discharge or death, reason for hospitalization, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status at the time of hospitalization (ECOG-ACRIN, 2019).
Symptom and QoL measurement: instruments
Two reported measures were used for patient’ assessments: the translated ESAS (Monteiro et al., Reference Monteiro, Almeida and Kruse2013) to evaluate the most common physical symptoms and the POS (Portuguese version) for an extended evaluation around the quality of care. The questionnaires were filled out by the patient himself or read by the researcher according to their preference.
The ESAS consists of a numerical scale including nine symptoms most related by the patients (pain, activity, nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, appetite, sensation of well-being, and shortness of breath) assessed from 0 to 10. It is intended that the patient matches the intensity of his symptom with a numerical classification, in which 0 corresponds to the “without the symptom” and 10 to the “maximum intensity”. The resulting overall score is then obtained by the sum of all items, ranging from 0 to 90 (Bruera et al., Reference Bruera, Kuehn and Miller1991).
The POS questionnaire involves 10 items related to pain and other patient's symptoms, and caregivers’ anxiety, as well as the quality of orientation given and waiting time. The responses of the POS questionnaire are evaluated with Likert scales from 0 to 4 with numerical and descriptive labels (Likert, Reference Likert1932). The individual scores of the first 10 questions can be summarized in a total score ranging from 0 to 40, with 40 being the maximum impairment (Rugno and De Carlo, Reference Rugno and De Carlo2016).
The resulting data for the study population on ESAS and POS questionnaires in the present study were both analyzed through the individual scales as well as overall scores, either in medians or percentages (van Vliet et al., Reference Van Vliet, Harding and Bausewein2015).
Statistics
Statistical analyses were performed with the use of Stata IC 15.0 software (StataCorp LP®). Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequencies for binary and categorical variables, while means and standard deviations (SD) for age and medians, and interquartile range (IQR) for ordinal scores (particularly, the overall resulting scores from the ESAS and the POS). We performed Kruskal–Wallis tests and linear regression to assess possible associations between demographic (age, gender, race, and education level) or disease-related characteristics (location of primary or recurrence/metastatic cancer, tumor stage at diagnosis, distant metastasis, current chemotherapy, prior knowledge on treatment objectives, reason for hospitalization, and performance status), and the overall QoL in single and multivariate analyses. Variables with p < 0.10 were selected for multivariate regression models in exploratory analyses; to identify and correct potential confounders, both forward and backward stepwise approaches were performed. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Demographic characteristics
During the 6-month study period, 59 patients were included for analysis. Out of 60 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, only one subject declined participation and no other participants were excluded. The mean duration of hospitalization was 10.2 days (SD ± 8.4), and the majority of patients (62.7%) had their assessment performed on the first four days of admittance. The mean age ± SD was 58.1 ± 11.8 years, and gender was evenly distributed. Most patients were white (78%) and had incomplete elementary education. Ninety-one percent were accompanied by family members, mostly spouses. All were said to have practiced religious orientation. Epidemiological and social characteristics are further detailed in Table 1.
Table 1. Epidemiological and social characteristics of study participants
SD, standard deviation; n, number of patients; %, percentage.
Disease-related data
The main sites of primary cancer were gastrointestinal (52.5%), followed by head and neck cancer patients (8.5%). Fourty-four percent had localized tumor stage at diagnosis, therefore relapsing or progressing during the treatment or follow-up. Upon current hospitalization, most had distant metastasis, and the main locations were liver, peritoneum, and lungs. Nearly 70% had knowledge regarding the non-curative aim of treatment, while 44.1% were hospitalized in consequence of cancer-related complications. Near one-third of cases had ECOG performance status III or IV upon admission (Table 2).
Table 2. Disease- and hospitalization-related data legend
N, number of patients; %, percentage.
a Thromboembolism in 2 (3.4%), infectious complications in 9 (15.3%), and unspecified events in 24 patients (40.7%).
ESAS results
The median overall ESAS score was 27, with interquartile range (IQR) of 17–41 (Table 3). When assessing ESAS individual scores, 32.0% of patients had pain at the time of the interview, and most patients reported some degree of asthenia (57.6%), nausea (35.5%), depression (52.5%), anxiety (76.3%), drowsiness (71.2%), anorexia (69.5%), decreased sense of well-being (78.0%), and dyspnea (37.3%). Regarding the severity of distress symptoms, 20.7% reported scores higher than 7 for depression and 35.6% for anxiety.
Table 3. Edmonton symptom assessment scale (ESAS) results
Numerical scale ranges from 0 (best) to 10 (worst) for each item and 0 (best) to 90 (worst) for overall items.
IQR, interquartile range.
a Knowledge of the purpose of care of two patients is unknown. Analyses were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance.
No differences in the overall ESAS score and ESAS individual scores regarding age, gender, race, education level, caretaker, tumor stage at diagnosis, distant metastasis, or reason for hospitalization were observed. The time of data collection was not determinant for overall ESAS in this analysis (linear regression coefficient 0.24; 95% CI −0.27 to 0.76; p 0.34). Patients under current target therapy or chemotherapy (median 33 vs. 25.5) and with knowledge of palliative aim of treatment (median 30 vs. 19) had higher ESAS scores than others; a tendency of the association of ECOG performance with higher ESAS overall scores in 1.81 for every status increase was also found (Supplementary Table S1). However, the differences were not confirmed after the correction of possible confounders (Supplementary Table S2).
The ECOG status was higher in untreated patients than in those under target therapy or chemotherapy (median 2.0 vs. 1.0). The ESAS overall score (median 33.0 vs. 25.5) and individual scores for asthenia (median 3.0 vs. 0.0), depression (median 3.0 vs. 0.0), sleep disturbance (median 5.0 vs. 3.0), and dyspnea (median 1.0 vs. 0.0) were higher in untreated patients than in those under treatment (Supplementary Table S3).
The patients with knowledge of palliative aims of therapy had higher ECOG status than those without (median 2.0 vs. 1.0). The ESAS overall score (median 30.0 vs. 19.0) and individual scores for asthenia (median 2.0 vs. 0.0) and depression (median 2.0 vs. 0.0) were also higher in those patients than in others (Table 3, Figure 1, and Supplementary Table S4). Patients with knowledge of the palliative aim of therapy were prone to a higher ESAS depression score (median 2 vs. 0) (Supplementary Table S5 and Figure 1), even when correcting for possible confounders (p 0.02) (Supplementary Table S6).
Fig. 1. Box plot representing the ESAS depression and overall scores according to knowledge over palliative, non-curative aim of treatment. Median [IQR] for the overall score was 19 [12.5–26] and 30 [22–41] according to the knowledge of treatment aims and no knowledge, respectively (Kruskall–Wallis, p-value of 0.027). Median [IQR] for the depression score was 0 [0–0.5] and 2 [0–6] (Kruskall–Wallis, p-value of 0.016).
POS results
The median POS overall score was 14, with IQR 9–19 (Table 4). About 70% of patients reported feeling anxious or worried about their disease or treatment, with 39% reporting Likert scores 3 or 4. Pain was present in 58%, and other limitating disease-related symptoms in 67.8%. The most predominant concern was related to the anxiety involving friends and relatives (median 4, IQR 2–4), where 62.7% scored the maximum scale. The least influential aspect in this population was related to the practical, financial, or personal problems resulting from the disease, with 11.9% reporting unresolved issues. Other concern addressed by the POS questionnaire was the feeling about life as being worthwhile, where 32.2% responded to never or occasionally.
Table 4. POS results
Values in table are presented as the number of patients with the percentage in parenthesis.
Questions 1, 2, 3, 4: 0: no; 1: slightly; 2: moderately; 3: severely; 4: overwhelmingly.
Question 5: 0: a lot; 1: hard to understand information; 2: desire to have more information; 3: little information; 4: no information provided.
Questions 6, 7, 8: 0: always; 1: most of the time; 2: sometimes; 3: occasionally; 4: never.
Question 9: 0: none; 2: almost half a day spent; 4: more than a half-day spent.
Question 10: 0: problems solved or had no problems; 2: problems will be solved; 4: unresolved issues.
There was no clinical or social factor associated with POS overall score or items (Supplementary Table S7), and previous knowledge of palliative aim of the therapy in this case did not alter the final score, although there was a trend for more expressive worry (median 2 vs. 1, p-value for Kruskal–Wallis 0.07) (Supplementary Table S8). The overall POS score was not influenced by the time of data collection in this study (linear regression coefficient −0.08, 95% CI −0.34 to 0.16, p 0.48).
Discussion
In this specific population of hospitalized cancer patients, the median overall ESAS score was comparable to other similar studies, one performed in Turkish general wards (median 24) (Ulas et al., Reference Ulas, Eyigor and Caramat2018) and an evaluation of patients under palliative care in the USA (mean 23 in the control group) (Zimmermann et al., Reference Zimmermann, Swami and Krzyzanowska2014). Nonetheless, another Brazilian study assessing the reliability of a translated version of ESAS in cancer patients retrieved higher scores for an inpatient population of 49 subjects (37, IQR 17–53.5) (Paiva et al., Reference Paiva, Manfredini and Paiva2015). Although both institutions are oncology wards, attending mainly public health patients in Latin America, this surprising difference may be explained by population heterogeneity, in particular the different purposes of hospitalization and primary tumor site. As previously mentioned, one-third of the patients interviewed in our study were hospitalized for infusional chemotherapy due to the scarcity of domestic infusion devices in our Institution. Additionally, in descending order, gastrointestinal and head and neck tumors were the most frequent primary sites seen in our patients, also in contrast to the population studied by Paiva et al. (Reference Paiva, Manfredini and Paiva2015), where 34% had the diagnosis of breast cancer.
In contrast to what was found in the overall literature, in which pain is prevalent in more than 50% of cancer patients (van den Beuken-van Everdingen et al., Reference van den Beuken-van Everdingen, de Rijke and Kessels2007), some degree of emotional distress was most frequently reported in this analysis. At least one quarter of patients reported relevant symptoms, either depression or anxiety. Besides, a lower proportion of patients complained of nausea and fatigue, while the prevalence from other published data is reported in up to 90% (Yennurajalingam et al., Reference Yennurajalingam, Urbauer and Casper2011). This difference may be explained by the focus on physical symptom control performed by the hospital staff during hospitalization, with clinical assessments from the medical team being performed at least twice daily, in addition to nurse evaluations every 6 h. It is important to point that most evaluations previously published are directed to outpatient settings. On the other hand, most public national hospitals lack psychologists for regular evaluations on their wards, which was the case for this institution. Additionally, following the completion of data collection (December 2019), the coronavirus pandemic began and most medical services focused on ensuring basic care for cancer patients. Thus, no enhancing measures in palliative care based on our analyses were taken during this period in our service and, therefore, we consider that our results remain valid for the population studied.
Emotional complaints were reported by many patients and in more significant percentages, not only reflecting the need for the treatment of physical symptoms, but also emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care (Yokoo et al., Reference Yokoo, Akechi and Takayama2014). Especially for patients aware of the palliative objective of treatment, our results suggested that this population may present higher incidence of depression. These findings should be validated in larger analyses; nonetheless, a special attention may be beneficial for this subgroup.
Regarding anxiety, the same pattern of higher proportion (65%) was also described by Paiva et al. (Reference Paiva, Manfredini and Paiva2015), when comparing outpatient vs. inpatient subgroups, with statistical significance, therefore confirming the contact with hospitalization as a possible predictor for worse scores. It could also explain the higher prevalence of anxiety in our analysis, in comparison to the overall literature findings. Anxiety decreased sense of well-being and depression negatively affects the QoL, and therefore should be worked on.
The mean of the individual scores for the POS was similar in relation to the international (15.9) (Bausewein et al., Reference Bausewein, Fegg and Radbruch2005) and the national literature (12.2) (Correia, Reference Correia2012). Considering that the maximum score for injury is 40 (Correia, Reference Correia2012) in a study involving 68 participants, the current result is not regarded as alarming. There are still scarce data evaluating POS questionnaires in Latin America, which limits further comparisons (Collins et al., Reference Collins, Witt and Bausewein2015). The average of the answers of the question with the worse score (concern of relatives and friends about the patient) was similar for both the Brazilian study cited and the current one (Correia, Reference Correia2012). This result corroborates the research by Sales et al. (Reference Sales, Matos and Mendonça2010), discussing how members of a family with an advanced cancer member are subjected to stress and anxiety, suffer from fear of losing family members, feel helpless, and even develop depression. It is therefore recommended that health professionals be attentive to the needs of their patients and their relatives; with the intention that they do not overburden themselves and can maintain the QoL (Bausewein et al., Reference Bausewein, Fegg and Radbruch2005; Correia, Reference Correia2012; Krug et al., Reference Krug, Miksch and Peters-Klimm2016). The majority of patients in this analysis (91%) was accompanied by family members during hospitalization.
This study has limitations, especially the sample size, in line with other previous studies (Correia, Reference Correia2012), and the possible challenge in generalizing data for other population not treated in a public hospital, as well as with distinct disease presentations. A possible working bias is that hospitalized patients may be reluctant to express all their dissatisfaction with the health service when answering the POS questionnaire for fear of being treated differently. Another point to be raised was the lack of standardized time to apply the questionnaires, either in the first or last day of hospitalization. One could argue that the answers could vary if applied at a distinct moment, considering the design of a cross-sectional evaluation. Notwithstanding, most patients had their questionnaire applied on the first days of admittance, and there was no statistically significant influence observed from the time of data collection to ESAS and POS final results. Also taking into account the generalizability of data provided, up to the elaboration of this study, the institutional structure and human resources involving multidisciplinary support in the ward have remained constant and in similarity to other Latin American hospitals.
Furthermore, the perception of terms “depression” and “anxiety” and even other terminology included in QoL questionnaires could be variable among subjects (Marquis et al., Reference Marquis, Chassany and Abetz2004). Larger, multicentric studies would be ideal to validate its results.
Nonetheless, by analyzing these current findings in addition to previously published studies, it is possible to indicate that patients under hospitalization may share a special need in regards to dealing with the emotional aspects of the disease. Special attention may be given to those fully aware of their treatment status, consequently with a higher risk of depression. There is still scarce descriptive information covering advanced cancer patients under palliative care in Latin American public wards (Collins et al., Reference Collins, Witt and Bausewein2015), justifying the need for larger analyses.
The symptoms most reported by cancer patients in palliative care interviewed in this study were predominately emotional. The hospitalization and knowledge of palliative aims may be predictors for higher risk of depression. This framework reflects the need for more psychological support to improve the QoL in the oncology wards.
Supplementary material
The supplementary material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951522000967.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the patients who participated in the research.
Author contributions
L.T.M. and C.S.P.L. designed the research and wrote the final manuscript. L.G.B.F., H.M.P., and B.S.T. performed the data collection. L.G.B.F. and L.T.M. analyzed the data.
Funding
This study was supported by “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
