THE COURSES AND ASSIGNMENTS

At both PWIs and HBCUs, I participated in many efforts to assist undergraduate students with their research investigations. Almost all of these experiences took place as part of a course I was teaching. A scholarly research paper is a requirement in my scope and methods, capstone, and senior research seminar courses. The rationale for limiting these courses to particular students is to ascertain how well departments were educating their students. That is, the institutions required political science majors to take these courses as a culminating experience and for departmental assessment purposes.

These courses are required and offered only to seniors entering their final year and graduating seniors who are majoring in political science. Therefore, those students who are enrolled in these courses are near the completion of their college career. Presumably, they learned much about political science and developed and honed their analytical, communication, critical-thinking, and writing skills throughout the semesters. Although a scholarly research paper is still challenging for most undergraduate students, there were reasons to believe that they would be sufficiently successful to earn the credits necessary to satisfy the curriculum requirement.

In my courses, students primarily worked on their own research paper but, in some instances, were allowed to partner with one or two other students. Whether as individuals or in groups, they developed expertise in an area of American politics, learned the scientific method, gained a greater understanding of and an appreciation for what professors do outside of the classroom, and acquired and honed important skills while studying a subject matter of interest to them.

Like many other instructors who supervise student research in the classroom, and to ensure completion of their research paper, I separated portions of it as individual assignments. By separating the research enterprise into a series of writing assignments, I could read them, offer feedback, and allow resubmissions so that students could earn a higher grade. The literature review was due first, followed by their theory section. Students then completed the data and methods section, followed by the abstract and the introduction. Unfortunately, students were not prepared to conduct the empirical analyses; therefore, they ultimately did not need to write a findings or a results section and a conclusion.

Although the ultimate goal was to publish the research papers, it was not feasible in the time frame of one semester. When I did publish studies with undergraduate students—all from HBCUs—it was because they sought additional time and gave extra effort to publish before they graduated.

INSTITUTIONS COMPARED

Resources and a commitment to the Boyer Commission report vary by institution. Although the PWIs had resources, they tended to neither encourage nor support involving undergraduate students in research. The small, private college focused heavily on teaching and the faculty did not publish articles. Although they engaged in scholarly activities, publishing original research did not occur. The HBCUs lacked resources and they were divided in their encouragement and support of undergraduate research. The Texas and Mississippi HBCUs were supportive; the North Carolina and Alabama HBCUs were not. Beyond STEM research, the North Carolina HBCU did not understand why disciplines in the behavioral sciences and humanities would conduct research, especially with undergraduate students.

STUDENTS COMPARED

My direct experience in conducting research with undergraduate students at PWIs and HBCUs has yielded several observations. An overwhelming number of HBCU students were first-generation college students; some of the PWI students were as well, but most were not. The discrepancy between HBCU and PWI students in terms of generational experience in college is important because first-generation students are disadvantaged academically compared with continuing-generation students (Stephens et al. Reference Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson and Covarrubias2014). I believe that it affects their self-esteem, self-expectations, and preparedness. The HBCU students had a more diminished sense of self-worth and modest self-expectations, and they lacked the psychological and often the educational preparation to succeed in college. As a result, I spent much more time with the HBCU students than with the PWI students to motivate them, serve as a cheerleader, and help them cope with the challenges and rigors of college life. The additional time spent with the HBCU students allowed us to get to know one another and engage in conversations that I did not have the opportunity to do with the PWI students. The positive outcome of these interactions with the HBCU students is that we are still close and maintain regular communication.

Students from PWIs and HBCUs differed in how they approached the research paper. PWI students were more confident that they would perform well but they did not want to write the paper. HBCU students were less confident that they could write a scholarly research paper, but they were excited to study subject matter that they found interesting, which usually was not the case in their other courses.

The students also differed in the topics they chose to study and the research questions they aimed to answer. Because of my research focus as an American politics scholar who specializes in public opinion with an emphasis on race, my list of suggestions was mostly about public opinion on race-based policies, testing race-based theories, and topics that addressed inequality and differences among the races. However, I made it abundantly clear to all of my students that they were not required to select one of those ideas. The only conditions were that their selection must be possible to complete within one semester and that they must use the American National Election Study as the source of the data. Students at the PWIs avoided my list of research topics. Instead, they wanted to write about public opinion on the environment, finding the correlates for believing in the American dream, and other topics that relegated inequality and gender to a low priority. Most unexpected was the number of PWI students who wanted to write on and confirm the conspiracy theories that they heard from right-wing media. Several wanted to write pro-Trump, anti-Hillary Clinton, or anti-Barack Obama papers. A few topic suggestions were especially disturbing because they seemed to justify white supremacy. Students at the HBCUs were thrilled that they could write about political and social matters of social justice, inequality, and gender. They were excited to be able to discuss racial issues. It seemed as though they were eager for an opportunity to research topics that were relevant to their lives. Therefore, the HBCU students and I wrote papers on affirmative action, immigration, structural racism in law enforcement, and the African American sociopolitical experience.

Some professors may not think it a good idea to include undergraduate students in their research. They may believe that research requires a level of thinking that undergraduates are not capable of doing—or that scholarly activities are too time consuming for which students will make neither the time nor the effort. These professors may be correct in some instances; however, when the course is required and the assignments are spaced throughout the semester, students can meet the challenges. Moreover, there are aspects of the research paper that undergraduates can do well. For example, students at both PWIs and HBCUs were exceptional in writing their introduction and the data and methods section. Where they differed most notably was in writing the literature review and theory sections; PWI students were more proficient. Although neither PWI nor HBCU students did enough reading, the former were more likely to read and comprehend the research articles than the latter. Perhaps this was the case because the PWI students were more familiar with the writing styles of the articles because the articles they used to write their literature review and serve as the foundation of their theories were written by scholars who likely share the same worldview, vocabulary, and background.

Accepting guidance, feedback, and criticism was another area of contrast between the PWI and HBCU students. Students at the HBCUs tended to take direction, accepted my comments, and followed instructions well; the PWI students balked at virtually every turn. The HBCU students were coachable, willing to do what I suggested, and easy to work with on the research papers. However, the PWI students questioned my credentials, tried to fact-check me on the spot by Googling my statements, and referenced how assignments were done in other courses. A few weeks into the semester, the PWI students ceased being so difficult. My suspicion is that they became more agreeable because the assignments were coming due and the midterm evaluations were looming. They also likely realized that an overall grade would be forthcoming at the end of the semester, at which time the research papers were completed by both HBCU and PWI students. It took more time to win over the PWI students but, ultimately, we all enjoyed the experience.

Notwithstanding the differences between the settings and the students, the grade outcomes were similar for both the PWI and the HBCU students. A significant minority received an A grade; most students received a B grade for the course. Because a minimum C grade was required for the course credits to count toward graduation, almost all of the students worked diligently to fulfill the requirement. Very few students received a D or an F grade. This grade distribution should not be surprising. Because they were seniors entering their final year or graduating seniors in their final semester, these were experienced college students who had taken several political science courses and completed many semesters. They had established study habits, could focus on their studies and be disciplined when necessary, and possessed the educational skills to succeed in writing a scholarly research paper for an undergraduate course.

Since this experience of collaborating with undergraduate students on research in the classroom, I have had the great joy of traveling with them to disseminate our scholarship. At one of the PWIs and two of the HBCUs, I chaperoned trips to conferences to present our research. Although some students participated to take advantage of an all-expenses-paid trip, they nevertheless met the challenge and delivered their papers like seasoned presenters. Of course, we prepared and rehearsed for many hours before embarking on these trips. Even when presenting their research, I found differences between the PWI and HBCU students. The HBCU students had a folksy and charismatic style whereas the PWI students did not stray from their PowerPoint slides, even sometimes reading verbatim from them. It appeared that the HBCU students were not as nervous as the PWI students; they likely found their self-confidence and voice during the writing process. The PWI students simply were not as dynamic or engaging with the audience as the HBCU students.