Fallout from the 2008 financial crisis included poorer working conditions for those who had jobs. People who lost jobs as markets dipped often found, when they tried to return to work, fewer opportunities and even fewer employers taking chances on the unemployed. The recovery was slow. Employed people took on increased work, even as wages stagnated. The gig economy expanded as many took on additional jobs or stitched together several jobs to make a living. As working conditions worsened, people worked more hours and were essentially paid less since wages stayed flat.
Shutting down segments of the U.S. economy in the early months of 2020 because of the COVID-19 global pandemic further complicated this situation. Initially countless people lost their jobs, with unemployment rates reaching 15 percent overall, even higher for African Americans and Hispanics.Footnote 1 Although the job losses were anticipated as a result of the public health measures, what followed in the workforce was not. Even after the shutdown when segments of the US economy reopened and increased unemployment benefits tapered off, people still did not return to jobs. This phenomenon has been called “The Great Resignation.”Footnote 2 Reasons vary for staying out of the workforce. For some people, the demands of the workplace were too high.Footnote 3 Fewer people in the workforce meant that remaining workers have had to work more.Footnote 4 People feared both getting COVID and coworkers who disbelieved in COVID or resisted mitigation protocols. Old jobs were not replaced but transformed, so people were expected to reapply for jobs or learn new skills.Footnote 5 Many people had responsibilities that transcended the need for a job. It was a situation that hit women particularly hard.Footnote 6 They cared for children while schools were remote, daycares closed, and vaccines were not available to those younger than twelve. Often, women also had to care for elderly parents or other relatives who were highly vulnerable to COVID. Other people with paying jobs found themselves without childcare as relatives fell sick with or died from COVID. Others found themselves thrust into the role of caregiver for the same reasons. Still others just felt that patching together three or four jobs to make a living was ridiculous and not worth it. Many started their own businesses.Footnote 7 Lots of people retired.Footnote 8 Many rethought the work that they want to do.Footnote 9 These trends and effects continued into 2022.
The academy has also felt many of these effects. Students are stressed by all the changes, both academic and social. Meanwhile, many of these changes have exacerbated mental health stresses and disparities caused by race, gender, and class.Footnote 10 Demands on professors’ time have increased as they have had to adapt to online and hybrid pedagogies. It was already difficult trying to be a parent and a professor. The pandemic increased this difficulty as professors had to keep working while also caring for children who were home.Footnote 11 These dynamics had the greatest effects on female academics.Footnote 12 Even as schools adapt to the current conditions, wages have barely risen, and with declining revenue because of the pandemic, this stagnation seems likely to continue.Footnote 13 Cultural forces have put academia in the crosshairs, and faculty have become targets.Footnote 14 Contingent faculty use by administrators has been on the rise for years. These faculty piece together wages from several different gigs, and the pandemic seems to have caused many of these part-time opportunities to disappear.Footnote 15 These forces were already impacting academic work, but the pandemic exacerbated them.Footnote 16
Many in Catholic theology have felt these same forces. Numerous faculty members have experienced increasing demands upon their time at work, constraining availability for relationships with peers and family. The discipline of theology differs slightly from other disciplines that address human dignity, respect of persons, and just labor in that theology grounds these values in the norms and practices of love of God and neighbor. Theologians doing this work almost inevitably are drawn to these topics as the ideas shape their lives and their lives shape their ideas. Theological work as an academic discipline necessitates that theologians adhere to professional academic standards for teaching, research, and publication, along with service to their institutions and professional guilds. Yet, theology is more than a field of study about what people say about God and professional standards. Theology begins with individuals’ and communities’ relationships with God. Theological work seeks to know who God is and how people experience God's relationship with them—individually, communally, and all of creation. The goal is faith seeking understanding not for head knowledge but to know and seek God in community with implications for living life. In short, theology considers the work of God.Footnote 17
This article focuses on what the pandemic reveals about current dynamics of theological work in the academy and imagines a way forward. Too often, theologians are ground down, isolated workers, overworked and strapped for time. They constantly must choose between progress in the guild and their familial and communal relationships. This false choice starves theologians of meaning and purpose and, in such scarcity, inflames the pursuit of status. If we try to reimagine theological work along communal lines, however, some of these pressures and false choices could be lessened. A communal conception of theological academic work requires a realistic assessment of both difficulties and avenues for growth. We think that theological education can be humane, life-giving work that builds up the community and values the contributions of all.Footnote 18
To imagine this possibility, we draw upon our experiences of working in Benedictine institutions. Although Catholic Social Teaching (CST) has much to say on labor and work, Benedictine spirituality has a particular advantage with respect to the issues we seek to address. The Rule of Benedict (RB) anchors work in community and the spiritual life. Drawing upon this conception, academic work can be thought of in relational terms and in the context of the college or university community. Academic work can be reimagined so that it is not life-destroying but life-giving. We draw on RB's description of work and community as a model that can be applied analogically to academic life.Footnote 19
We proceed in two movements.Footnote 20 First, we give a descriptive analysis of the broader frictions within academia that affect how we as theologians seek to foster a love of learning and a desire for God. These frictions include not having enough time, devaluing relationships, and pursuing status. Then, we turn to RB to look at how it understands work in community life and how it can be applied analogously to academic life. In response to the frictions of academic life, we look at how time in RB constrains work, how relationships should be rooted in seeing Christ in others, and how status is rooted in God loving us.Footnote 21 We hope to sketch some ways in which our work as theologians can foster the love of learning and a desire for God as a community of laborers in God's vineyard.
Academic Reality and Frictions of Theological Work
In After Whiteness: An Education in Belonging, Willie James Jennings argues that theological education presumes and thereby promotes an ideal scholar as a stoic, single, white male. This “ideal scholar” is a norm that distorts humanity for everyone, including white men, and so generates a distorted and often death-dealing theology.Footnote 22 This “ideal scholar” also pushes academic life toward isolation and individual projects and successes. It emphasizes “what” we do, “what” we have accomplished, over the “how” and “why” we do our theological work. It distorts theological work, neglecting the inherently communal nature of humanity's encounter with God.Footnote 23 It often drains theologians of the desire for God and weakens their commitment to students. These forces affecting theology are manifested in several ways. Here, we focus on three concerns that seem not only pervasive but were exacerbated by the pandemic: not enough time, devaluing relationships, and pursuing status.Footnote 24
Not Enough Time
Perhaps the most obvious friction point is the constraints upon time. Rita Fontinha, Easton, and Van Laar note that demands on academics have been increasing for the past twenty years.Footnote 25 They indicate that the market emphasis on productivity has fed into this increase and, concomitantly, an increase in stress levels among academics. The increase in demands for productivity touches all three areas of academic life: teaching, research, and service.Footnote 26 As demands to produce more scholarship in a shorter period of time increases, other goods are ignored, diminished, and devalued. When this scholarly productivity is combined with the demands to develop excellence in teaching and to serve departments, schools, societies, and students, even more goods are sacrificed. Theologians have less time for their own spiritual, physical, mental, and relationship needs. There is less time for the very things that remind them that they are human beings with value beyond what they produce in their work lives.
This trend in the academy is part of the larger movement of work into daily life. John Malesic notes that modern work has changed to become expansive, abstract, and precarious.Footnote 27 It takes over more of one's life, utilizes less and less of one's creativity, and fails to provide the security that work should provide.Footnote 28 Malesic notes that work has increasingly consumed more of people's time for at least the last forty years.Footnote 29 The development of technology, even before today's Zoom world, contributed to more work flooding into home life. As Malesic writes, “The boundary between work and home has become more permeable.”Footnote 30
Expanded work and increasing expectations cannibalize time and cause problems in professors’ lives. In 2014, Monica Coleman drew on the experiences of African American females to discuss how dehumanizing the demands of work can be. Coleman quotes African American biblical scholar Renita Weems’ account of becoming a mother while working toward tenure.
Within six months, having a baby had wreaked havoc on my professional life, draining me of the energies and time I needed to think and to read. With only two or three hours a night of sleep, it became difficult to sit for hours concentrating on an idea, sniffing out a subject, walking back and forth around a thought, and trying to chase down a hunch. With the increasing demands of motherhood and the mounting pressures in those early years of a pending tenure review, I felt as if I was being torn apart, dismantled, put back together again (but never in a way that felt right to me), only to be left ripped up in the end and left in a heap. Having a baby crying in the bassinet next to my bed, nursing every three hours, changing diapers every other minute, changing and washing the same clothes all day, with a growing accumulation of baby stuff crowding my space, and having simultaneously to put the final touches on a book and to keep up with class lectures, I was often tottering on the edge.Footnote 31
This brief narrative shows how academic work's expansion erodes time for other aspects of life. In attempting to be both a mother to a newborn with intensive needs and a tenure-track academic, Weems sacrificed her physical and mental health.Footnote 32 The lack of sleep and time kept Weems “tottering on the edge.” While, for Christians, the Bible is to lead to the fullness of life, the demands of tenure meant that biblical studies led to being “torn apart” and “dismantled.” As such, Weems’ story becomes a paradigmatic narrative for how academic life distorts a more humane approach to time. People, particularly those who take on familial responsibilities, require periods of focus and attention not related to academic work. Yet, academic life and the tenure process present time requirements that work against a more humane approach.
The pandemic exacerbated the problems with time for many people. When campuses closed and classes went online, faculty had to adopt new, technology driven pedagogies, requiring increased use of learning management systems and related software. Zoom use exploded.Footnote 33 Far from making life easier, Zoom required faculty to develop new capacities and new focus while it drained more of faculties’ energy.Footnote 34 Meetings could be scheduled back to back because there was no need to account for people's movement between physical spaces. Moreover, the shutting down of campuses meant this online teaching was done at home, accelerating the expansion of work into personal lives. With schools and childcare facilities closed, the juggling of childcare and teaching that many academics already did became exponentially more difficult. Because women often take on these parenting responsibilities, it is unsurprising that the number of women submitting articles to academic journals declined during the pandemic.Footnote 35
Together, these realities point to the ways in which our approach to time constrains academic activities, creates friction for life, and makes it difficult to do theology that is life-giving. The time that academic work demands, including theological academic work, expands. It encroaches upon our home lives because technology enables work's intrusion, and nothing institutionally or structurally mitigates the prioritization of work over all else. Academic work expands in ways that exclude our relationships and well-being. There was not enough time before the pandemic, and now there is less.
Devaluing Relationships
In addition to constraints upon time, theological work as it is currently practiced often devalues relational aspects of its laborers. Rowanne Sarojini Marie, in discussing a theology of work, points to the ways in which work becomes isolating, especially for women.Footnote 36 Work becomes more isolating as it is removed from its communal and familial contexts.Footnote 37 As work becomes more associated with jobs and money, the unpaid work people do in their homes, in society for the common good, and for families is devalued. Even more so, CST's perspective that work should entail cocreating with God is lost.Footnote 38 Faith and the cocreative perspective about work feel like they have little to do with work in the minds of most Christians.Footnote 39 It is a feeling particularly strong in women, according to Marie, who see their familial and ecclesial relationships in competition with the demands of their profession.Footnote 40
In academia, theological work (teaching, researching, and service) is often similarly structured and so leaves important aspects of theologians’ humanity out of the profession. The work done teaching and researching is readily seen in competition with the work done for families and communities. Service—which is often for the sake of students and colleagues—is often undervalued even as it is required for tenure and promotion. Women, especially women of color, do more service at colleges. The same is true for transgender and nonbinary faculty. As Lissa Hanasono et al. write:
Cis men tend to pursue more leadership roles like committee chairs and editorships, whereas cis women tend to perform important yet less institutionally recognized forms of service like mentoring, committee work, emotional labor (i.e., regulating one's feelings and exerting extra energy to attend to others’ emotional states), maintaining a positive work climate, and record keeping. Faculty of color—especially women of color—tend to perform more service labor than their White colleagues, and institutions of higher education frequently overlook the extra service demands and work of trans faculty and nonbinary people such as recruiting and mentoring minoritized students, advising student organizations that focus on social justice issues, and serving on committees and university task forces related to diversity, equity, and inclusion.Footnote 41
As this indicates, certain types of service performed by faculty work are less recognized, acknowledged, and accounted for in a person's workload. The overlooked forms of service tend to focus on the community and the needs of students. These relational aspects of the profession are often held to be of marginal importance, which is exacerbated by a focus on individual teaching and scholarly accomplishments.
The pandemic strengthened these trends and so simultaneously overwhelmed faculty and isolated them. In “‘On the Verge of Burnout’: COVID-19's Impact on Faculty Well-Being and Career Plans,” the Chronicle of Higher Education surveyed more than a thousand faculty members on the consequences of COVID-19 on their lives.Footnote 42 The report noted a vast increase in workload between learning new technologies and pedagogies, an added complexity in completing research projects, and additional insecurity because of financial exigencies. The result was that faculty felt “high levels of stress, hopelessness, anger, and grief.”Footnote 43 Faculty work-life balance disintegrated as work expanded and moved into the home. This overwhelming expansion of work made faculty feel more isolated. They lacked “human connection” with students and colleagues. Faculty—especially “women, Black, brown, gay, nonbinary and disabled faculty members”—were also embedded in more vulnerable communities and so experienced loss because of COVID-19 deaths.Footnote 44
In her 2020 Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA) presentation, Natalia Imperatori-Lee captured this feeling of isolation among Catholic theologians.Footnote 45 She wrote, “One year of pandemic and isolation, of loss and polarization and uprisings and death has left many of us numb. We feel nothing. We want to do nothing.”Footnote 46 In the midst of being overworked, theologians feel cut off from their peers, isolated from students, and struggling with their familial relationships. She warned that as theologians become separated from their “daily struggles, [their] lucha and [do not] theologize out of these contexts,” they become separated from the God who is found in these human relationships.Footnote 47
Pursuit of Status
Li-fang Zhang explores professors’ attachments to places of employment by examining how emotions in teaching affect organizational commitment.Footnote 48 She notes that when faculty feel positive about their place of employment, often measured by how their peers perceive their work, they feel strongly committed to their place of employment.Footnote 49 However, when faculty do not feel valued, their commitment changes. They begin to feel that work is just for pragmatic considerations, like paying bills or job security. Others feel like they have no other choice but to stay because they cannot find other work.Footnote 50 These responses are “largely maladaptive.”Footnote 51 Faculty tend to become more passive in their work and scholarship, “adopting norm-conforming intellectual styles.”Footnote 52 In other words, without some sense of value, faculty come to see themselves not as educators or scholars but as placeholders.
There is, however, a downside to feeling positive about a place of employment. The sense of value in academia primarily comes from status conferred by colleagues and peers. John Hamilton notes that there are three typical reward systems in workplaces: money, career advancement, and status.Footnote 53 For faculty, money and career advancement are often limited. Faculty have very little influence over their pay, with raises usually restricted to times of promotion and the annual cost of living adjustment.Footnote 54 Career advancement within an institution is also limited. While faculty labor for an institution (working long hours, handling numerous administrative tasks) and making sacrifices to do so—being given little extra pay, feedback, and academic support—this work rarely results in advancement within institutions.Footnote 55 Thus, the main motivation for faculty becomes status. It is why “many academics overcommit to their work, often working long hours at evenings and weekends, driven by a desire to deliver the best possible learning experience for their students.”Footnote 56 They seek to be valued by the community, to have some recognition and some status, which indicates that they make important contributions to the school.
Status is difficult to achieve.Footnote 57 Long hours dedicated to teaching, scholarship, and service with few rewards are hard to sustain. Frustration with long hours and few rewards can manifest when faculty are excluded from discussions about the operation of an institution. Exclusion of faculty takes various forms. It appears in relationships between boards of trustees and faculty senates when boards make decisions affecting faculty without their input. Exclusion emerges when administrations make decisions to cut tenure lines and replace them with contingent faculty or eliminate programs without faculty consultation. Faculty, especially long-term faculty, are often ignored, even when they are valuable repositories of institutional memory, participate in preserving and passing on institutional mission and identity to students, and serve at institutions longer than many board members or even university presidents.
Even in Benedictine institutions that emphasize community, faculty recognition and status can be attenuated when they are viewed as “guests” of the community. In the monastery, the distinction between who is a guest (a temporary visitor with potential insight) and who is a member of the community (one who has input into and is part of communal decisions) is clearer. If this clarity is transferred over to institutions, the fluidity of belonging in a university or college is lost. If some members of the community feel like they are the “members” and others are just “guests,” the “members” feel free to act without considering the effects on the “guests” who are really community members. When the “guests” are faculty, the ability to be accepted, listened to, or valued as a community member is diminished and one avenue for status is cut off.Footnote 58
Status, as acceptance, being heard, and valued, is difficult to achieve in the theology guild too. At conferences and in articles, faculty bios focus on what people have written or what awards they have won. In faculty reviews, scholarship weighs more than teaching and service. Scholars are too often evaluated by productivity and in comparison to others. Meanwhile, theology aims to respond to people's search for meaning, seek answers to burning questions, alleviate societal ills by drawing on the insight of faith, and foster relationships with God, self, and others. Yet, scholars are not judged by these criteria but by the quantity and place of their publications.
Status becomes a battle for recognition that pits theologians against one another. Every recognition of a colleague can be felt as a strike against one's status, and every criticism can diminish one's standing. Kathryn Young and her coauthors note that, in academia, microaggressions are often used to “communicate systemic valuing” and so are deployed to indicate people's position within institutions.Footnote 59 They note that there are usually three types of microaggressions. There are microinsults that demean a person, microinvalidations that nullify people's contributions, and micro-assaults that intend harm.Footnote 60 These microaggressions work on two levels, one level targeting the work faculty do and a second level targeting who people are (often based on race, gender, and sexual orientation).Footnote 61 This repertoire of hostilities is deployed to establish status, building some up by cutting down others.
At least initially, the pandemic's effect on this pursuit of status was to undermine it. In the Chronicle of Higher Education's report “‘On the Verge of Burnout,’” about one-third (35 percent) of faculty considered changing jobs and another third (38 percent) considered retiring. The dynamics noted previously explain why. Learning new technologies and pedagogies for online and hybrid teaching has increased faculty work. Faculty are disconnected from students and colleagues. Scholarship slowed because of obligations to family, along with learning new pedagogical techniques and technological tools. Even if faculty still wanted to pursue status based upon prior norms, it was almost impossible in a pandemic. Such futility seems to have made faculty, more than 70 percent, rethink this pursuit in the academy.Footnote 62
The Rule of Benedict and the Work of Theologians
The Rule of Benedict (RB) with its emphasis on seeing Christ in all as a foundation of community can be used as a frame to understand theological work.Footnote 63 We believe that using RB's insights and applying them analogically to colleges and universities can mitigate the frictions of current theological work by situating it in relationships and community. As American Benedictine Joan Chittister writes, Benedictine spirituality helps us deal with broader issues and concerns such as “stewardship, relationships, authority, community, balance, work, simplicity, prayer, and spiritual and psychological development.”Footnote 64 Thus, Benedictine education is an approach to a way of life, about passing on life lessons, aiding growth in self-knowledge, living better in community, engaging more deeply the concerns of the world, and practicing love of Christ, neighbor, self, and even enemies.Footnote 65 Through such a framing, RB suggests configurations of academic life to make it more life-giving.
Time: Structuring Work
RB structures work by placing four limits on the time spent on work. The restrictions seek the good of the community by making sure necessary work is done and by limiting work so other important goods can be embodied. First, when it comes to work, RB puts parameters on work to make sure it does not overtake other activities, especially prayer.Footnote 66 Benedict sets beginning and ending times to pray, work, read, sleep, and other activities (RB 8:1–4, 41:9, and 48). When it is time to pray, one ends work even if unfinished (RB 43:1). When prayer ends, one transitions to meals, sleep, or another activity. Second, these limits on work also vary. Benedict changes prayer and work times along with their duration based upon the changing seasons. The length of day and night affects what kind of work can be done, whereas the liturgical season can shape the focus of prayer.Footnote 67 The limits are not absolutes dictating life but guides that help individuals and the community to flourish. Adaptability means these guides can be applied to the vagaries that shape how we live. Third, while Benedict wants monks to work, he does not want the work to be burdensome or an excessive grind. It must be done in moderation (RB 48). As RB commentator Aquinata Böckmann notes, work should not take over people's life, and it should “not crush them or drive them out” or cause people to “be ruined by work.”Footnote 68 Finally, the Benedictine practice of lectio divina speaks to time. Abbot John Klassen of St. John's Abbey in Collegeville, MN, defines lectio divina as a “call to contemplative engagement with the world of learning that is profoundly integrated.”Footnote 69 It is a slow, meditative reading of texts that seeks a deeper understanding more than consumption of information. Overall, RB recognizes the importance of work and its necessity for the good of the community, but it should be done in ways that attend to people's lives and the orientation to God.
These four limits that RB places on time spent on work suggest four ways academic theology might analogously be configured. First, time limits on academic work could be set as RB limits works. Perhaps the simplest idea is ensuring that classes and meetings begin and end on time. It would set limits on what is done and honor faculty and students’ other commitments. Emphasizing adhering to start and stop times reminds people in the community to see the individuals in front of them as people with lives beyond the immediate work. Starting and ending activities within the day also teaches that tasks can be stopped and returned to later. In addition, these limits could carry over to expectations beyond work hours. For example, expectations could be set around not sending or responding to emails before eight in the morning, after five in the afternoon, or during the weekends.Footnote 70 Even if these constraints were not adhered to rigidly, they will push people to be circumspect in crossing these limits. Although individuals could make these decisions, institutional support for them would expand their impact.
What would help even more would be if institutions paid a living wage. In “The Refusal of Work in Christian Ethics and Theology,” Jeremy Posadas notes that money, or more accurately a lack of money, often makes placing limits on time difficult.Footnote 71 Without a living wage, people feel pressed to take on more work.Footnote 72 They either take on more jobs at their place of employment or take on extra jobs outside of it. In academia, it often means teaching an overload or summer classes. It can mean taking on administrative tasks for the extra job security or, maybe, a small stipend. It means teaching and research, not to mention personal lives, are sacrificed for the extra money in hopes of getting what is needed. Paying a salary where extra work is not needed would effectively constrain work time by once again giving academics more time for family, friends, leisure, prayer, and other life-giving activities.
Outside of colleges and institutions, academic conferences could become places that reflect the limits of time. Many look forward to the social and liturgical time together, finding sustenance in both intellectual engagement and prayer. Academic conferences could build in more time for conversation or longer mealtimes. Although they are typically good at adhering to stop and start times for conference sessions, they could designate times to put aside work for prayer or reflection or mindfulness, a time to “listen and attend with the ears of our hearts” (RB prol. 1).
This last point, scheduling time for prayer, should be part of our own lives. It could be arranged in a single longer block or several shorter blocks, or some other configuration that works. For Benedictines and others, returning to God as the source of all is essential for sustaining individuals and their relationships.Footnote 73 As theologians who hopefully have the work of God (prayer) as the well-spring for academic work, scheduling prayer time signals its importance and reminds us of the source and purpose of our theological work. As Monty Lynn suggests in “Ora et Labora: The Practice of Prayerful Teaching,” regular prayer can prevent our lives from becoming fragmented, divided into personal and professional labors that work against one another.Footnote 74
Second, as RB emphasizes adjusting work based upon the seasons, so too academic life's different “seasons” could reconfigure work. During the “seasons” when scholars have young children, there are special needs that should require a reconfiguring of time. In “Motherhood and Tenure: Can Catholic Universities Support Both?” Bridget Burke Ravizza and Karen Peterson-Iyer note how having children is often penalized in the academy, exemplified in one study where no women who took maternity leave received tenure.Footnote 75 To address this problem, Ravizza and Peterson-Iyer suggest several policies, including paid parental leave, flexible work schedules, tenure clock adjustments, and on campus childcare.Footnote 76 These are important policies. They account for a true “season” in many faculty lives and would make work and family life easier, more life-giving than death-dealing. If policies like these had been in place, Renita Weems's experience of being a new mother and a pretenure academic recounted earlier would have been easier to negotiate. Similar to the child-rearing season, faculty experience seasons of caring for elderly or other relatives who need focused attention and caregiving for various reasons. Policies similar to those suggested by Ravizza and Peterson-Iyer could be implemented for this other type of “season” in faculty lives. Another “season” is faculty productivity. Faculty are not productive on regular or predictable schedules, cranking out X number of articles and Y number of books a year. Productivity waxes and wanes, being affected by external elements. In “The Misleading Narrative of the Canonical Faculty Productivity Trajectory,” Samuel Way, Allison Morgan, Aaron Clauset, and Daniel Larremore find at least four different trajectories for faculty productivity.Footnote 77 Productivity may decrease as one ages or if one is hired at an institution that does not prioritize scholarship. Productivity may increase if one is at an institution that prioritizes scholarship. It might decrease right after one receives tenure and then rise again later.
For this last group, faculty seem to work on projects for an extended time, which slows productivity at first but increases later as projects come to fruition. Like RB that accounts for variations of work in different seasons, so too there needs to be a recognition of and accommodation to these dynamics affecting faculty research. If faculty do not have meaningful institutional support, then institutions ought to revise their expectations regarding faculty publications. Built into faculty expectations should be an awareness of how age and health affect productivity. Also, productivity expectations should not assume that significant insights happen on a regular schedule. Projects take time, so expectations for work should account for the slow build of important projects. Thus, policies governing faculty research expectations should be crafted to align with people in their contexts instead of policies designed in the abstract that are more suited for automatons on assembly lines.
Although a different kind of “season” because faculty too often do not transition out of it, contingency is still a situation that needs to be addressed differently than tenure and tenure track faculty members. These faculty members are usually teaching several classes at several different institutions in hopes of piecing together a living wage. It creates strains on time as faculty travel from one school to the next and so have limited availability for family and students. In “What Chairs Can Do for Contingent Faculty,” Jason King suggests policies that mid-level administrators can implement to ease the time constraints on contingent faculty.Footnote 78 These include ensuring contingent faculty have office space for storing needed material and login credentials to access software such as email and learning management systems. Contingent faculty should also be introduced to other faculty members and support staff who can provide emotional and administrative support for work. Perhaps more importantly, chairs should prioritize contingent faculty's teaching schedules, like scheduling back-to-back courses on the same days, to ease the transitions between school and enable more time at home. If practices like these are implemented, the “seasonal” toil of contingent faculty will be lessened.
A global pandemic seems like another “season” that should affect policies around time and work. Extensions of tenure clocks, especially with regard to publishing, seem an obvious policy.Footnote 79 Recognition of all the extra work inside the institutions, such as developing new pedagogies, working with new technology, serving on committees dealing with institutional changes adapting to the pandemic, and outside the institution, such as care of family members, volunteering at vaccination clinics, organizing food drives, should be accounted for in the demands of academic labor. Suspend some policies, such as student evaluations, that take up time and are of limited value, at best, to create more time. There should also be some time set aside to reflect on how the pandemic has changed the life and culture of schools. Administrators, faculty, and staff can adjust to these changes as needed. While these suggestions focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, it sets a precedent for attending to the effects significant events outside of schools have on faculty. Natural disasters, mental health, or political unrest should be accounted for because faculty are people who experience and wrestle with such events, just like other people, including students.
If the aforementioned policies were implemented, they would address the third concern we noted in RB, namely, that work not become too toilsome or burdensome. RB is less about advice on personal time management and more about communal policies regarding time. Such policies set the priorities and values for the community. Transposing how RB structures time to theological work in the academy means arriving at policies that enable the work to be done but also constrain the work to allow the realization of the goods that theology studies and advances. The practice of beginning and ending habituates people and provides structure. It makes people pay attention to how our actions affect others. Accounting for the various factors shaping productivity in policies means reassessing expectations for how long work should take, which projects take priority at different times, or how to navigate competing goods. They would need to ensure that work does not take over and force the abandonment of other important parts of life, such as parenting. Paying a living wage would enable academic theology to better follow the Benedictine rhythm of work and prayer with times for sleep, recreation, and study. Together, these policies emphasize our beingness and limits rather than the illusion of invincibility in the pursuit of all. They make the work less toilsome, more rooted in our gifts and talents, more likely to contribute to the common good, and provide more time to live a life of love of God and others.
Although the first three applications of RB's limits on time speak to the structures supporting theological work, the fourth speaks directly to the work of teaching and learning. Lectio could be adapted to our pedagogy to help structure and direct time. In the classroom and learning environment, we can use lectio, as Abbot John Klassen writes, to “encourage the development of contemplative habits—of reading and studying. We want our students [to] know experientially what lectio divina is, because we have challenged them to sit with a text, to feel the words, to taste them, to see how they connect to each other.”Footnote 80 “If,” as Abbot John warns, “we are consistently trying to cram too much material into a course, we create the conditions for non-reflection and shallow learning.”Footnote 81 For faculty, contemplative learning means disciplining our own reading. We must resist the urge to “gut” a book for its argument that will serve our own research agenda. In contrast, lectio divina in classrooms and research slows down the work, so it can create space within us for God, for us to listen and foster a life lived well.
Relationships: Work for the Community and Seeing Christ in Others
Writing about RB 48, which concerns daily manual labor, Aquinata Böckmann notes that “the main work is prayer” and, because of this, other work must serve it.Footnote 82 This perspective, Böckmann continues, shapes the orientation of our nonprayer work. It shapes work in ways that keep it from being conceived in opposition to community life. Böckmann notes explicitly that work is to serve others, to serve the poor, and so ultimately “work is seen as a contribution to the community.”Footnote 83
Columba Stewart applies this perspective to academic work, noting that “study, like any form of work, can become an end in itself and thereby an escape from the real focus of monastic life, the growth in charity that Benedict calls conversatio morum.”Footnote 84 This growth has relationships at its core. Although it is true that academic work can make important contributions, and Benedictines have made substantial theological contributions through their work on liturgy and ressourcement in the twentieth century, RB tries to keep the communal and transcendent end of the work in focus. The fear is that work might become detached from the needs of the community and so detached from God and growth in charity.Footnote 85
Benedict has monks rotate jobs to partly counter this danger (RB 35 and 38). Everyone comes to experience the various aspects of the community's labor, but none are boxed into being the dishwasher or kitchen cleaner for decades. It helps everyone understand the different aspects of communal life, assures that everyone contributes to the community, enables the needs of the community to be fulfilled, and contextualizes all the work as important.Footnote 86 There are some positions that require stability, where the personality, character, and virtues of the person matter, such as the Abbott (RB 2) and the Cellarer (RB 31).Footnote 87 Even here, these roles are meant to be for the service of the community, positions that are meant to foster the growth of individuals and an awareness of Christ's presence.Footnote 88
This linking of work and community should help us see Christ in others. As Columba Stewart observes, seeing Christ as present in every aspect of life and in all people in the community helps create the desired community.Footnote 89 For monastics, this means learning to recognize Christ in everyone—the ill, the elder, the seeker, the young, and so forth. For those not in monasteries, this could reshape our community. For those at a college, this means seeing Christ in others, students, administrators, staff, faculty, members of the board of directors, monks, and visitors. In other words, everyone seeing Christ in one another. This seeing of Christ would help frame how we treat one another and prompt us to consider whether how we treat others is commensurate with how we would treat Christ.
Understanding work as oriented toward the community and rooted in seeing Christ in others should enable schools to design and implement policies that better account for human relationships. To begin, when thinking about faculty employment obligations, institutions and administrators should consider all the communities to which faculty belong. Often, faculty have familial obligations for children, for elderly, for extended family, and for spouses. Faculty belong to communities in the cities where they vote, work in food pantries, organize community events, coach recreational sports, and volunteer at school functions. Faculty belong to faith communities, participating in worship, community life, and outreach. Faculty also belong to advocacy groups and work to address needs not being met by society. These communities and the labor faculty provide in these contexts should be considered in setting out the expectations of faculty work. Hopefully, this would mean an expanded awareness of seeing God's work in the world and so an expanded awareness of seeing Christ in others by institutional administrators and in institutional commitments.
Likewise, theologians, by paying attention to and accounting for these communities, would enhance their academic work. The teaching and researching of Catholic theology should be grounded in the experiences of families and cities, of churches and activist movements. These communities help prevent teaching and researching from becoming the entirety of theological work and ensure that the work being done is grounded in human beings, their lives, their loves, and their relationships to God. This approach would mean an expanded awareness of seeing God's work in the world and so an expanded awareness of seeing Christ in others by theologians. This expanded awareness would hopefully enrich our theological labor and writing. The Black Catholic Theological Symposium already grounds their work and theology in these principles. As part of their annual gathering, they meet with Black Catholics to listen to the local Black Catholic community as a way of bringing the community's concerns into their theology.Footnote 90 The Academy of Catholic Hispanic Theologians of the United States also grounds their theological work in deep listening and attending to their communities’ struggles as they seek a theology that nourishes.Footnote 91 Both groups meet in a colloquy format that fosters discussion and a communal seeking of theological responses to the topics under discussion.
In accounting for relationships, colleges and universities should set policies valuing service, especially when it is done to help the school or students. Faculty work such as teaching in the core curriculum, serving on ad hoc and standing committees, in addition to teaching in their specialties and taking on administrative work, should be valued. Even more so, the faculty who spend time mentoring students and junior faculty need significant recognition. The faculty who do this for faculty and students who are particularly vulnerable—women, minorities, first generation immigrants, LGBTQIA—need even more recognition. This work attends to people and relationships and so should be valued as much as, and so balanced with, research and teaching.
In “Undoing Disparities in Faculty Workloads,” KerryAnn O'Meara and her coauthors sought a way to ensure the work that faculty do is evenly distributed, especially when it comes to service.Footnote 92 Service work is a pressing issue because it often falls unevenly on faculty, based on gender, race, and sexual orientation. O'Meara et al. found that a simple four-step process could fairly account for and distribute the work. First, provide a workshop for faculty to recognize implicit bias and how it affects workload, especially for female and minority faculty. Second, create a way to publicly document and view the work faculty are doing. Third, use the documentation to identify inequalities. Fourth, develop and implement plans for addressing the inequities. So much of the effort to address work inequality and recognize the valuable work of service is finding some way to publicly acknowledge and count the work that is actually being done. In RB, all monastery labor is acknowledged and seen as important, not just the leadership roles. Rotation of certain work among the monks such as cooking, dishwashing, and reading at meals or prayer ensures that all see its value. Academically, sharing, or rotating committee work, for example, means everyone knows how different things work, thus moderating expectations and understanding more readily our colleagues’ experiences of different forms of service and teaching. In RB, one aspect of the primary work of God is seeing Christ in those who serve Christ in others. Thus, for theological and other faith practicing faculty, can we see Christ in fellow faculty who serve Christ in others?
In their teaching, theology faculty could also set policies and craft assignments that foster seeing Christ in others and so generate an environment where relationships are valued along with work. In her teaching, Kathy became frustrated at her students’ entrenched suspicion of one another. The graduate classes were small. Students were often in the same classes, together for several years. In a spur of the moment exercise, one she now sees as inspiration of the Holy Spirit, she had them stand, pair off, and gave them the following instructions. One person was to be the gazer (Christ), the other person was to stand as themselves in the presence of Christ. When the timer went off, they were to switch roles.Footnote 93 Together they talked and processed the experience. Although this activity did not change everything, because change on such a scale exceeds the capacity of one exercise or experience, a shift occurred in the students’ interactions. They began to listen differently, more willing to try to hear one another as companions on the discipleship journey rather than people with different (read wrong) theological ideologies or beliefs. At the time, she did not fully grasp what was happening. However, since then, she has heard Columba Stewart articulate an often overlooked and harder to accept aspect of this practice of seeing others as Christ, that despite being a sinner I am a Christ-bearer to others as they are to me.Footnote 94 It helped explain why the students responded to the activity as they did. On some level, they began to realize that they were Christ-bearers to one another. They needed to treat one another as if it were Christ in front of them.
Additionally, this concept of seeing the other as Christ, and oneself as Christ-bearer, can shift how we see and approach teaching, service, and scholarship. The content of the course, evaluation of students’ work, faculty evaluations, and peer review of scholarship still matter. But the manner, the approach, the delivery—the “how”—is important and crucial. Being a Christ-bearer means someone's encounter with each of us matters. Being a Christ-bearer transforms our work to be oriented toward people and makes it more likely that our work serves people. It generates a more communal and caring approach in our theological work.
The pandemic highlighted the need for policies that attend to faculty's communities and move faculty to attend to the people around them, including one another. As classes moved online and campuses shut down, faculty felt the loss of human interactions, even as they continued to attend to students and work with colleagues. As churches, restaurants, and community activities closed down, people felt the straining of their community relationships. In the midst of this, social problems surrounding racism and poverty became more visible to many people, calling for more immediate actions. Policies and approaches that value relationships, policies rooted in RB's view that work should be oriented to the community and seeing Christ in others, become all the more important. They would help speak to a more humane academic life and would also point to the deeper human needs that must be met.
Status through Christ
RB presents a different kind of status than the status found in current academic life. RB has a seating and processing order that is not based on a person's age, background, or role within the community. Instead, it is based on who came to the monastery first, who came to God first (RB 63:1). This approach privileges relationship with God and de-emphasizes societal status markers. RB also emphasizes humility understood as knowing oneself. It means recognizing and acknowledging one's gifts, one's growing edges, or even simply ongoing brokenness that needs buttressing and support from other community members (RB 7, RB 46, RB 72, RB 73:1, 8). Then, it calls monks to live from these spaces with a calm, centered sense of self in relationship to God and others. Living according to RB's definition of humility means understanding that the community needs everyone for their differences, for their wide, beautiful gifts. In the community, Christ is present in each, and the Body of Christ needs eyes, ears, noses, hands, and feet; it needs teachers, administrators, prophets, priests, abbots, and prioresses. Status, then, comes from seeing Christ in and being Christ to others. This status moves us into a deeper relationship with God and others while helping us grow in the virtues.
This view shapes the work done in the monastery. Manuela Scheiba, OSB, discusses how so much of culture prizes productivity and achievement, an “I work, therefore I am” mentality.Footnote 95 In education, it leads to what she calls bulimic learning: “devour—chuck up—and forget about it.”Footnote 96 Students, with the support and direction of the schools, focus only on their career path and test performance. It is an education that “can hardly shape a person as whole nor provoke any ‘sense and taste for the Infinite’ in people.”Footnote 97 For its part, RB sets boundaries that limit valuing productivity and emphasize instead valuing God. RB requires sleep and food, time for lectio and prayer (RB 48; 8:2; RB 43:1).Footnote 98 It operates on the principle that all other work is subordinated to the work of God and so must be put aside (RB 43:3).Footnote 99 It is meant to care for the whole person, body and soul, and education within this framework should be holistic.Footnote 100 The work that is done must not be so burdensome as to weaken its members and must not define a person.Footnote 101 “It is rather of primary importance that no one in the monastic community defines himself [sic] by his [sic] skills, work or success.”Footnote 102 Although work should be “adequate” to provide for need, it should not go beyond this scale.Footnote 103 Work should not be for “success, position, or authority” but for “mutual listening and loving service.”Footnote 104 This type of learning and work is formative for the virtues, our approach to life, with knowledge serving human formation and prayer.
Academic approaches to status influence and problematize how faculty view one another. As noted previously, part of the reason status plays such an important role in academic life is because other avenues of growth are cut off. There is little professional advancement and little increase in financial award. Still, even if more money and more advancement were made possible, the comparison and valuing of self from achievement would exist. It would just be spread across more possible routes, and with increased competition, hostilities between faculty could easily increase.
The key to address the reigning model for academic status runs deeper and at a more spiritual level. It comes from RB's recognition that community is built on recognizing Christ in others, around the community valuing members, and members valuing the community. Mary Hoffman sketches how such communities might do this. Hoffman studies how three communities of Benedictine nuns “negotiate conflicting demands from their religious communities and the Roman Catholic Church.”Footnote 105 She notes that there is ongoing tension between the loyalty of nuns to their community and to the institutional church.Footnote 106 Their religious communities “embrace the principles of equality, mutual support, listening, and empowerment, that together can be conceived of as a Benedictine approach to organizing.”Footnote 107 This approach results in nuns being valued by the community, leaders seeing their work as service, and communities functioning as a support system.Footnote 108 When the institutional church overlooks their gifts or restricts their participation,Footnote 109 the community provides a “buffer”Footnote 110 against these dynamics. The community listens to and strengthens the nuns, valuing and empowering them.Footnote 111
Such buffering can limit the pursuit of status where value comes from standing apart from others. The community provides a buffering that emphasizes the value of the person, especially when it is being challenged by others. Instead of faculty being cut out of deliberations about the operations of colleges and universities, these communities could engage them more authentically. For Benedictine schools, the perspective should not be viewing these individuals as “guests” that might offer helpful suggestions but otherwise do not belong. Instead, faculty—and others who are part of the community—should be people listened to for insights and perspectives especially around decisions that will affect all, a key value of RB. Monks are to listen for God and to the abbot, the abbot is supposed to listen to the community and individual monks. The older monks are to be listened to just as the younger (especially the youngest) are to be listened to. Benedict devotes the entirety of chapter 3 to the importance of listening when the community faces significant decisions. This framework for thinking and deciding helps to communicate the value of people and their role in the community.Footnote 112
Still, most faculty have experienced being ignored or cut out of institutional deliberations. Even in these instances, there can be a buffering. Faculty can come together to support one another, reminding one another of their value. It can start with something as simple as recognizing the work peers and colleagues are doing. Such actions establish a sense of value and belonging long before it is needed in a conflict. The recognition need not be formal but should be ongoing and consistent. It should extend to value all the work people are doing, publishing, teaching, service in the school, and service outside the school. Department members should try to read what one another have published. Faculty should attend or discuss the talks that are given by their peers. Teaching successes (and failures) should be shared and discussed, as each person supports the others. Births of children and grandchildren should be celebrated as well as concerns about illness or aged parents expressed. Such a community should also alleviate microaggressions. Mutual respect would better enable people to acknowledge and bridge their differences, perhaps even coming to see differences as gifts to the community. When everyone is supported, they should have greater openness to new perspectives and questions. They also should be willing to hear criticisms, come to see their biases, be willing to change when needed, and act more respectfully toward others. In wanting to foster such a buffering, the community—whether it be a department, school, or the whole institution—could evaluate the cultural climate to clearly see what needs to be improved.Footnote 113 The community imagined here does not mean that there will be no problems or that all problems will be readily solved. Rather, such a community provides a buffer for difficult and tense conversations and decisions. It means, even in conflict, that there is a building up of all by valuing one another instead of a building up of one's status by diminishing others.
Thus, to address issues of status, theologians should foster these buffering communities, communities ultimately rooted in seeing Christ in self and others. Faculty need to see one another's dignity and their work as a common endeavor, working together. They need to see that good work done by one person is a good for the whole, that everyone is better when individuals do well. This community does not come easy. It is why the practices noted previously, practices where faculty are formed to view others and all their labor as positive, are so important. If they are sustained, the buffering can shape people's horizon so that they see their value by being with people instead of apart from them.
Theology faculty should lead the way on this perspective. As RB indicates, Christ is present in each person, and theologians should not just be aware of this but also have this understanding as fundamental to their work. Theological work should reflect awareness of Christ in others. Instead of a competition that threatens, theologians should work toward cooperative endeavors that celebrate, while finding ways to care for one another. Status in the theological community should not be some scarce achievement to be had at the cost of self or others. It should be a recognition of being in relationships of love. Such relationships provide the push back against microaggressions, against the violence that seeks to degrade the image of God within us.
While such work buffers people from the way status pursuits distort thinking, it also addresses the problems emerging from the pandemic. As the Chronicle of Higher Education's report noted, faculty in the pandemic felt “disconnected,” and the top reason respondents gave for considering leaving was a “lack of fulfillment in being part of an academic community.”Footnote 114 When status pursuits reign and the pandemic cuts one off from students, peers, and opportunities for meaningful work, the emptiness of the motivation becomes clear. The true pursuit, it seems, is belonging to the community. The buffering, the ongoing valuing of people, is key to address this deeper need. Seeing Christ in others should move theologians to meet this need.
Conclusion
The pandemic revealed and exacerbated problems many theologians experienced in their work. Our aim in this article was to begin reimagining theological work to address the problems. We argued that to address and begin solving for the ills of academic life we identified, as theologians we need to develop a communal spirituality of work. We believe that the Rule of Benedict offers a realistic, practical approach that acknowledges and accounts for the ongoing learning that happens when people gather in committed spaces and, therefore, can be applied analogically to academic life. We began by naming and describing several constraints within higher education that form and produce a certain type of academician. Institutional pulls, demands, and culture around time, relationships, and status are too often death-dealing. They lead to over work, unhealthy competition, devaluing some contributions (even while necessary) to institutional and professional functioning, and sacrificing play, rest, and family. Tragically, this leads to dehumanization and lack of care for one another.
We turned to the Rule of Benedict for insight for reframing our theological labor as communal, as attending to love of God and neighbor. Reenvisioning constraints on time in a Benedictine key opens space to breathe and see colleagues as people with whole lives, lives not subsumed by professional labors. RB recenters people and relationships. It provides a frame for considering how to practice the craft of theology and live the values of humility, hospitality, and seeing Christ in the other. Theological labor is valuable, needed, and necessary. Yet, theological labor should not define people in their entirety. There are other needs, commitments, and values beyond professional outputs. When the demands of labor overshadow everything else, people no longer see one another as people with whole lives, let alone as the beloved Christ before us.
Thus, the goods we seek in academic work—teaching, service, scholarship—must be seen in light of relationships with God and neighbor. As goods they must be cared for and distributed equitably according to need. Care must be taken not to give too much teaching, service, or even time for scholarship to any one person. While mindful that different people at different times will need to focus more on one dimension than another, this distribution of communal goods requires discernment and interpretation for each community. Benedict provides a structure for building community with a common purpose that is attentive to God. The friction points identified in this article cannot be solved by individual change alone. Robustly addressing them for the health of individuals and the academic community requires a broader vision and structural change to support practices that foster holistic educational labor. Benedict worried about how monks with a too individualistic outlook might harm a community's common focus and aim. Hence, his focus on constraints for the individual. This is the reversal of how the academy forms, trains, and judges its academics—a focus on individual endeavors rather than on contributions to building a community with a common focus. Adapting Benedict's concern about the danger of individualistic monks to the academy means reassessing our formative and structural practices. RB provides a construct that, when applied to academia, calls theologians to practice inclusivity, to practice learning to love all, to practice equitable distribution and appreciation for all labor, to practice growth in humility, in ranking based on love and not exterior status markers. Theologians need to honor service, teaching, and scholarship aimed at the love of God, others, and self.
