In October 2009, a 22-year-old student living with his parents requested treatment in our emergency ward. The patient seemed very troubled. During psychiatric evaluation, he reported that for 10 days he had been hearing voices that had commented on his actions and had commanded him not to think specific thoughts. He also felt that some of his thoughts had been introduced into his brain. The voices had discussed that people in his environment were controlled by computer software. Furthermore, the patient reported to have the impression that his body parts had been manipulated in size, and that he had been exhausted during the past week, suffering from episodes of mild fever. The degree of psychiatric symptoms had been increasing slowly over time. His general practitioner, who had only been informed about the general feeling of illness and episodes of fever, had suspected tonsillitis and treated the patient with methyl penicillin for 7 days. Because the somatic symptoms had not improved satisfactorily, treatment had been switched to azithromycin. The patient further reported a history of cannabis use and abstinence of 3 years. He had never before experienced psychotic symptoms, and none of his first-degree relatives had been diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses.

The patient was well oriented and awake. There were no pathological findings in the general examination and no focal neurological signs. A cranial computed tomography scan was without pathological findings, and analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid showed normal values. Laboratory testing revealed high levels of leucocytes (8.9/nl), c-reactive protein (203.7 mg/l) and procalcitonin (7.03 ng/ml) as well as of serum creatinine (3.32 mg/dl) and urea (90 mg/dl). While diagnostics were performed, the patient developed fever with an axillary temperature of 39°C. Ultrasound investigation showed primary bilateral hydronephrosis and a native low-dose computerised tomography scan of the abdomen revealed bilateral urinary stones, causing urinary retention, renal failure and finally urosepsis.

After admission to the intermediate care unit, the patient was treated with intravenous paracetamol and meropenem, but he refused the recommended psychopharmacological medication. Urinary retention was managed via bilateral placement of J-stents. The left prevesical stone was completely extracted via ureteroscopy on day 13 without complications. The right stone was extracted in a second intervention. Further testing revealed no detectable causes for urolithiasis, including normal values for calcium and parathyroid hormone. After relief of obstruction and at 2 weeks follow-up, the psychopathological symptoms were fully remitted without antipsychotic treatment.

In summary, the following clinical course has to be assumed: bilateral urolithiasis with urinary retention had led to a urinary tract infection with intermittent episodes of mild fever, but without noticeable oliguria or severe disability. The patient further developed a first-time acute psychotic episode, displaying first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia in absence of clouding of consciousness or lowering of vigilance (i.e. without the presence of a delirium according to DSM–IV criteria ¹ ). Although the relation of intermittent fever and psychotic symptoms cannot be reconstructed, symptoms were present at the time of examination in the emergency ward without febrile temperature. Laboratory testing revealed that the patient had finally developed a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and presented with urosepsis requiring emergency treatment.

Despite laboratory signs of post-renal acute renal failure, there was no clinically significant uremia at presentation. Although there are well-known reports on the psychiatric aspects of uremia ^{Reference Baker and Knutson2} and paranoid psychoses with uremia, ^{Reference Menninger3} these mechanisms are not sufficiently able to explain the presented case. Furthermore, although a syndrome with anxiety, panic and hallucinations (Hoigné's syndrome) can be induced by therapy with procaine penicillin or amoxicillin, ^{Reference Beal, Hudson and Zaiac4} the onset of psychotic symptoms preceded the penicillin regimen in our patient, rendering a causal role of antibiotic treatment improbable.

Thus, this case represents the first published report on urolithiasis with secondary urosepsis presenting with Schneiderian first-rank symptoms. It exemplifies the broad phenomenology of organic psychoses and once more illustrates that profound somatic diagnostics are mandatory during the evaluation of a first psychotic episode. Additionally, it provides further evidence for the non-specificity of first-rank symptoms for schizophrenia as it is currently discussed with respect to the development of DSM–V. ^{Reference Nordgaard, Arnfred, Handest and Parnas5}