Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:15:52.736Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physical and chemical parameters in dense cores

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2017

C. M. Walmsley
C. M. Walmsley*
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-5300 Bonn 1, FRG

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The current state of our knowledge of the physical parameters and the chemical composition of dense cores in molecular clouds is discussed. In particular, I summarize what is known about the rate at which molecules condense out on grain surfaces. I discuss in turn: a) dense cores in nearby dust complexes such as Taurus, b) clumps in regions of massive star formation such as Orion and M17, c) hot dense cores near to newly formed O stars such as the Orion-KL hot core and d) the high density condensations which give rise to interstellar masers. Recent work on each of these categories is reviewed with emphasis on the chemical abundance determinations and estimates of the local density and temperature. Particular attention is given to recent work on OH, methanol, and ammonia masers.

Keywords

Molecular CloudsStar FormationInterstellar ChemistryMasersClumps
Type
Chemistry
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 147: Fragmentation of Molecular Clouds and Star Formation , 1991 , pp. 161 - 175
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1991 

References

Andresen, P. 1986 Astron. Astrophys. 154, 42.Google Scholar
Barrett, A.H., Schwarz, P.R., Waters, J.W. 1971 Astrophys. J. 168, L101.Google Scholar
Batrla, W., Wilson, T.L., Bastien, P., Ruf, K. 1983 Astron. Astrophys. 128, 279.Google Scholar
Batrla, W., Matthews, H.E., Menten, K.M., Walmsley, C.M. 1987 Nature 326, 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baudry, A., Walmsley, C.M., Winnberg, A., Wilson, T.L. 1981 Astron. Astrophys. 102, 287.Google Scholar
Benson, P.J., Myers, P.C. 1989 Astrophys. J. Suppl. 71, 89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, J.H., Willner, S.P. 1984 Astrophys. J. 279, 673.Google Scholar
Black, J.H., van Dishoeck, E.F., Willner, S.P., Woods, R.C. 1990 Astrophys. J 358, 459.Google Scholar
Blake, G.A., Sutton, E.C., Masson, C.R., Phillips, T.G. 1987 Astrophys. J 315, 621.Google Scholar
Boland, W., de Jong, T. 1982 Astrophys. J 261, 110.Google Scholar
Brown, P.D., Charnley, S., Millar, T.J. 1988 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 231, 409.Google Scholar
Brown, P.D., Millar, T.J. 1989 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 237, 661.Google Scholar
Brown, P.D., Charnley, S.B. 1990 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 244, 432.Google Scholar
Cardelli, J.A., Clayton, G.C., Mathis, J.S. 1989 Astrophys. J 345, 245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cesaroni, R., Walmsley, C.M. 1990 Astron. Astrophys. (in press) Google Scholar
Charnley, S.B., Dyson, J.E., Hartquist, T.W., Williams, D.A. 1988 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 235, 1257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnley, S.B., Dyson, J.E., Hartquist, T.W., Williams, D.A. 1990 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 243, 405.Google Scholar
Chièze, J.P., Pineau des Forêts, G. 1989 Astron. Astrophys. 221, 189.Google Scholar
Cohen, R.J. 1989 Reports on Progress in Physics 52, 881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, P., Walmsley, C.M., Güsten, R. 1989 Astron. Astrophys. 209, 382.Google Scholar
Dalgarno, A., Lepp, S. 1984 Astrophys. J 287, L47.Google Scholar
Dickman, R. 1978 Astrophys. J. Suppl. 37, 407.Google Scholar
Elitzur, M., de Jong, T. 1978 Astron. Astrophys. 67, 323.Google Scholar
Elitzur, M. 1982 Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 1225.Google Scholar
Flower, D.R., Offer, A., Schilke, P. 1990 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 244, 4P.Google Scholar
Friberg, P., Madden, S.C., Hjalmarson, A., Irvine, W.M. 1990 Astron. Astrophys. 195, 281.Google Scholar
Fuller, G.A., Myers, P.C. 1987 in Physical Processes in Interstellar Clouds (ed. Morfill, G.E., Scholer, M., publ.Reidel).Google Scholar
Genzel, R., Downes, D., Ho, P.T.P., Bieging, J.H. 1982 Astrophys. J 259, L103.Google Scholar
Genzel, R. 1986 p233 in Masers, Molecules, and Mass Outflows in Star Forming Regions, (ed. Haschick, A.D., publ. Haystack Obs.).Google Scholar
Guélin, M., Langer, W.D., Wilson, R.W. 1982 Astron. Astrophys. 107, 107.Google Scholar
Guilloteau, S., Baudry, A., Walmsley, C.M., Wilson, T.L., Winnberg, A. 1984 Astron. Astrophys. 131, 45.Google Scholar
Gusten, R., Fiebig, D. 1988 Astron. Astrophys. 204, 253.Google Scholar
Harju, J., Walmsley, C.M., Wouterloot, J.G.A. 1990 Astron. Astrophys. (in press).Google Scholar
Hartquist, T.W., Williams, D.A. 1990 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press) Google Scholar
Hartquist, T.W., Sternberg, A. 1990 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press) Google Scholar
d'Hendecourt, L.B., de Muizon, M.J. 1989 Astron. Astrophys. 223, L5.Google Scholar
Herbst, E., Leung, C.M. 1989 Astrophys. J. Suppl. 69, 271.Google Scholar
Hermsen, W., Wilson, T.L., Walmsley, C.M., Henkel, C. 1988 Astron. Astrophys. 201, 285.Google Scholar
Irvine, W.M., Goldsmith, P.F., Hjalmarson, A. 1987, p561 in Interstellar Processes, ed. Hollenbach, D.J., Thronson, H.A., publ. D.Reidel.Google Scholar
Jacq, T. et al. 1990 Astron. Astrophys. 228, 447.Google Scholar
Johnston, K.J., Stolovy, S.R., Wilson, T.L., Henkel, C., Mauersberger, R. 1989 Astrophys. J 343, L41.Google Scholar
Johnston, K.J., Gaume, R., Stolovy, S., Wilson, T.L., Walmsley, C.M., Menten, K.M. 1990 Astrophys. J in press.Google Scholar
Knacke, R.F., Larson, H.P., Noll, K.S. 1988 Astrophys. J 335, L27.Google Scholar
Lacy, J.H. et al. 1984 Astrophys. J 276, 533.Google Scholar
Léger, A., Jura, M., Omont, A. 1985 Astron. Astrophys. 144, 147.Google Scholar
Leitch–Devlin, M.A., Williams, D.A. 1984 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 210, 577.Google Scholar
Loren, R.B., Mundy, L. 1984 Astrophys. J 286, 232.Google Scholar
Madden, S.C., Irvine, W.M., Matthews, H.E., Brown, R.D., Godfrey, P.D. 1986 Astrophys. J, 300, L79.Google Scholar
Mathis, J.S. 1990 Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., (in press) Google Scholar
Menten, K.M., Walmsley, C.M., Henkel, C., Wilson, T.L. 1988a Astron. Astrophys., 198, 253.Google Scholar
Menten, K.M., Reid, M.J., Moran, J.M., Wilson, T.L., Johnston, K.J., Batrla, W. 1988b Astrophys. J, 333, L83.Google Scholar
Migenes, V., Johnston, K.J., Pauls, T.A., Wilson, T.L. 1989 Astrophys. J., 347, 294.Google Scholar
Millar, T.J., Herbst, E. 1990 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., (in press) Google Scholar
Minh, Y.C., Irvine, W.M., Ziurys, L.M. 1988 Astrophys. J, 334, 175.Google Scholar
Morimoto, M., Ohishi, M., Kanzawa, T. 1984 Astrophys. J, 288, L11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundy, L.G., Snell, R.L., Evans, N.J. II, Goldsmith, P.F., Bally, J. 1986 Astrophys. J, 306, 670.Google Scholar
Mundy, L.G., Evans, N.J. II, Snell, R.L., Goldsmith, P.F. 1987 Astrophys. J, 318, 392.Google Scholar
Mundy, L.G. et al. 1988 Astrophys. J, 325, 382.Google Scholar
Myers, P.C. 1987 in Star Forming Regions, IAU Symposium 115 (ed. Peimbert, M., Jugaku, J., publ. Reidel).Google Scholar
Nagakawa, N. 1980 in Interstellar Molecules, IAU Symposium 87 (ed. Andrew, B.H., publ. Reidel).Google Scholar
Olano, C.A., Walmsley, C.M., Wilson, T.L. 1988 Astron. Astrophys., 196, 194.Google Scholar
Pauls, T.A., Wilson, T.L., Bieging, J.H., Martin, R.N. 1983 Astron. Astrophys., 124, 23.Google Scholar
Plambeck, R.L., Wright, M.H.C. 1987 Astrophys. J, 317, L101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plambeck, R.L., Menten, K.M. 1990 Astrophys. J, (in press).Google Scholar
Reid, M.J., Moran, J.M. 1981 Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 19, 231.Google Scholar
Rots, A.H., Dickel, H.R., Forster, J.R., Goss, W.M. 1981 Astrophys. J, 245, L15.Google Scholar
Schilke, P., Mauersberger, R., Walmsley, C.M., Wilson, T.L. 1990 Astron. Astrophys., 227, 220.Google Scholar
Schmid-Burgk, J. et al. 1989 Astron. Astrophys., 215, 150.Google Scholar
Shu, F.H., Adams, F.C., Lizano, S. 1987 Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 25, 23.Google Scholar
Snell, R.L., Mundy, L.G., Goldsmith, P.F., Evans, N.J. II, Erickson, N.R. 1984 Astrophys. J, 276, 625.Google Scholar
Stahler, S.W. 1984 Astrophys. J 281, 209.Google Scholar
Stutzki, J, Güsten, R. 1990 Astrophys. J 356, 513.Google Scholar
Swade, D.A. 1989 Astrophys. J 345, 828.Google Scholar
Tauber, J.A., Goldsmith, P.F. 1990 Astrophys. J 356, L63.Google Scholar
Tielens, A.G.G.M 1989 in Interstellar Dust, IAU Symposium 135, ed. Allamandola, L.J., Tielens, A.G.G.M., publ. Kluwer.Google Scholar
Tielens, A.G.G.M, 1990 in The Chemistry and Spectroscopy of Interstellar Molecules (ed. Kaifu, N.), Proc. Of Symp. 228 of International Conference of Pacific Basin Societies.Google Scholar
Wadiak, E.J., Wilson, T.L., Rood, R.T., Johnston, K.J. 1985 Astrophys. J 295, L43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walmsley, C.M., Wilson, T.L. 1985 in Nearby Molecular Clouds, (ed. Serra, G., publ. Springer), Lecture Notes in Physics 237.Google Scholar
Walmsley, C.M. 1985 in Proceedings of ESO-IRAM-Onsala Workshop on “(Sub)-Millimeter Astronomy”, edited by Shaver, P.A. and Kjär, K., ESO Conference Proceedings 22, p 327.Google Scholar
Walmsley, C.M. 1987 in Physical Processes in Interstellar Clouds (ed. Morfill, G.E., Scholer, M., publ. Reidel).Google Scholar
Walmsley, C.M. 1989 p179 in Evolution of interstellar dust and related topics, edited Bonetti, A., Greenberg, J.M., Aiello, S., Proceedings of the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, publ. North Holland.Google Scholar
Whittet, D.C.B., Adamson, A.J., Duley, W.W., Geballe, T.R., McFadzean, A.D. 1989 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 241, 707.Google Scholar
Williams, D.A., Hartquist, T.W. 1984 Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 243, 413.Google Scholar
Williams, D.A 1990 In Invited Review at meeting on “Molecular Clouds” held in Manchester, March 1990.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Walmsley, C.M., Snyder, L.E., Jewell, P.R. 1984 Astron. Astrophys. 134, L7.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Walmsley, C.M., Menten, K.M., Hermsen, W. 1985 Astron. Astrophys. 147, L19.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Henkel, C. 1988 Astron. Astrophys. 206, L26.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Johnston, K.J. 1989 Astrophys. J 340, 894.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Johnston, K.J., Henkel, C., Menten, K.M. 1989 Astron. Astrophys. 214, 321.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Walmsley, C.M. 1989 The Astron. and Astrophys. Review 1, 141.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.L., Walmsley, C.M., Baudry, A. 1990 Astron. Astrophys. 231, 159.Google Scholar
Wouterloot, J.G.A., Walmsley, C.M., Henkel, C. 1988 Astron. Astrophys. 203, 367.Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Wu, Y, Evans, N.J. II, Fuller, G.A., Myers, P.C. 1989 Astrophys. J 346, 168.Google Scholar