Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T21:50:20.392Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Particle Acceleration by Pulsars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2015

Jonathan Arons
Jonathan Arons*
Affiliation:
Service d'Electronique Physique - Section d'Astrophysique Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires - Saclay Department of Astronomy and Space Science Laboratory University of California - Berkeley

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The evidence that pulsars accelerate relativistic particles is reviewed, with emphasis on the γ-ray observations. The current state of knowledge of acceleration in strong waves is summarized, with emphasis on the inability of consistent theories to accelerate very high energy particles without converting too much energy into high energy photons. The state of viable models for pair creation by pulsars is summarized, with the conclusion that pulsars very likely lose rotational energy in winds instead of in superluminous strong waves. The relation of the pair creation models to γ-ray observations and to soft X-ray observations of pulsars is outlined, with the conclusion that energetically viable models may exist, but none have yet yielded useful agreement with the extant data. Some paths for overcoming present problems are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 94: Origin of Cosmic Rays , 1981 , pp. 175 - 204
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1981 

References

Akhiezer, A.I. and Polovin, R.V., 1956, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz, 30, 915 (Soviet Phys., JETP, 3, 696).Google Scholar
Al'ber, , Ya, I., Krotova, Z.N., and Eidman, Y. Ya., 1975, Astrofizika, 11, 283 (Astrophysics, 11, 189).Google Scholar
Arons, J., 1979, Space Sci. Rev., 24, 437.Google Scholar
Arons, J., 1980a, to be submitted to Ap. J. Google Scholar
Arons, J., 1980b, ibid.Google Scholar
Arons, J., Kulsrud, R.M. and Ostriker, J.P., 1975, Ap. J., 198, 687.Google Scholar
Arons, J., Norman, C.A., and Max, C.E., 1977, Phys. Fluids, 20, 1302.Google Scholar
Arons, J., and Scharlemann, E.T., 1979, Ap. J., 231, 854.Google Scholar
Arons, J., and Smith, D.F., 1979, Ap. J., 229, 728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asseo, E., Kennel, C.F., and Pellat, R., 1978, Astr. and Ap., 65, 401.Google Scholar
Asseo, E., Llobet, X., and Schmidt, G., 1980, Phys. Rev., in press.Google Scholar
Axford, W.I., Leer, E., and Skadron, G., 1972, Proc. 15th Intl. Cosmic Ray. Conf., 11, 132.Google Scholar
Ayasli, S., and Ogelman, M., 1980, Ap. J., 237, 222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backer, D.C., 1976, Ap. J., 209, 895.Google Scholar
Barnard, J., and Arons, J., 1980, to be submitted to Ap. J. Google Scholar
Bell, A.R., 1978, M.N.R.A.S., 182, 142.Google Scholar
Bennett, K., Bignami, G.F., Boella, G., Buccheri, R., Hermsen, W., Kanbach, G., Lichti, G.G., Masnou, J.L., Mayer-Hasselwander, H.A., Paul, J.A., Scarsi, L., Swannenburg, B.N., Taylor, B.G., and Wills, R.D., 1977, Astr. and Ap., 61, 279.Google Scholar
Blandford, R.D., and Ostriker, J.P., 1978, Ap. J. (lett)., 221, 229.Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, P., and Ostriker, J.P., 1974, Ap. J., 191, 465.Google Scholar
Buffington, A., Orth, C.D., and Smoot, G.F., 1975, Ap. J., 199, 669.Google Scholar
Bussard, R.W., Ramaty, R., and Drachman, R.J., 1979, Ap. J., 228, 928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassé, M., 1979, in Particle Acceleration Mechanisms in Astrophysics, ed. Arons, J., Max, C.E. and McKee, C.F. (New York: AIP), p.211.Google Scholar
Caswell, J.L., 1979, M.N.R.A.S., 181, 431.Google Scholar
Cheng, A.C., and Ruderman, M.A., 1977 a, Ap. J., 214, 598.Google Scholar
Cheng, A.C., and Ruderman, M.A., 1977 b, ibid., 216, 865.Google Scholar
Cheng, A.C., and Ruderman, M.A., 1980 ibid., in press.Google Scholar
Cheng, A.C., Ruderman, M.A., and Sutherland, P.G., 1976, Ap. J., 203, 209.Google Scholar
Cesarsky, C.J., 1980, Ann. Rev. Astron. and Ap., in press.Google Scholar
Cesarsky, C.J., and Volk, H.J., 1978, Astr. and Ap., 70, 367.Google Scholar
Cordes, J., 1979, Space Sci. Rev., 24, 567.Google Scholar
Cordes, J., 1980, Ap. J., 237, 216.Google Scholar
Deutsch, A.J., 1955, Ann. d'Ap., 18, 1.Google Scholar
Epstein, R., and Petrosian, V., 1974, Ap. J., 183, 611.Google Scholar
Fanselow, J.L., Hartman, R.C., Hildebrand, R.H., and Meyer, P., 1969, Ap. J., 158, 771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawley, W.M., 1978, , U. of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Fawley, W.M., Arons, J., and Scharlemann, E.T., 1979, Ap. J., 217, 227.Google Scholar
Flowers, E.G., Lee, J.F., Ruderman, M.A., Sutherland, P.G., Hillebrandt, W., and Muller, E., 1977, Ap. J., 215, 291.Google Scholar
Fujimura, F.S., and Kennel, C.F., 1980, Ap. J., 236, 245.Google Scholar
Gaffet, B., 1972, Ap. J., 216, 565.Google Scholar
Giacconi, R., 1979, Proc. 16th Intl. Cosmic Ray. Conf., p. 26–29.Google Scholar
Golden, R.A., Lacy, J.L., Stephens, S.A., and Daniel, R.R., 1979, Proc. 16th Intl., Cosmic Ray Conf., Paper OG-3.Google Scholar
Goldreich, P., and Julian, W.M., 1969, Ap. J., 157, 869.Google Scholar
Goldreich, P., Pacini, F., and Rees, M.J., 1972, Comm. Ap. and Space Sci., 3, 185.Google Scholar
Grindlay, J.E., Helinken, H.F., and Weekes, T.C., 1976, Ap. J., 209, 592.Google Scholar
Groth, E.J., 1975, Ap. J. (Suppl.), 29, 431.Google Scholar
Gunn, J.E., and Ostriker, J.P., 1969, Phys. Rev. Lett., 22, 729.Google Scholar
Gunn, J.E., 1970, Ap. J., 160, 979.Google Scholar
Heyvaerts, J., and Signore, M., 1980, Astr. and Ap., in press.Google Scholar
Jackson, E.A., 1976, Ap. J., 206, 831.Google Scholar
Jackson, E.A., 1980, ibid., 237, 198.Google Scholar
Jones, P.B., 1978, M.N.R.A.S. 184, 207.Google Scholar
Kanbach, G., Bennett, K., Bignami, G.F., Boella, G., Bonnardeau, M., Buccheri, R., D'Amico, N., Hermsen, W., Higdon, J.C., Lichty, G.G., Masnou, J.L., Mayer-Hassellwander, H.A., Paul, J.A., Scarsi, L., Swanenberg, B.N., Taylor, H.G., Wills, R.D., 1977, Proc. 12th ESLAB Symp., ESA SP-124, 21.Google Scholar
Kanbach, G., Bennett, K., Bignami, G.F., Buccheri, R., Canaveo, P., D'Amico, N., Hermsen, W., Lichti, G.G., Masnou, J.L., Mayer-Hasselwander, H.A., Paul, J.A., Sacco, B., Swanenburg, B., Wills, R.D., 1980, Astr. and Ap., in press.Google Scholar
Kennel, C.F., Schmidt, G., and Wilcox, T., 1973, Phys. Rev. Lett., 31, 1364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennel, C.F., and Pellat, R., 1976, J. Plasma Phys., 15, 335.Google Scholar
Kennel, C.F., Fujimura, F.S., and Pellat, R., 1979, Space Sci. Rev., 24, 401.Google Scholar
Kulsrud, R.M., Ostriker, J.P., and Gunn, J.E., 1972, Phys. Rev. Lett., 28, 636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kundt, W., and Krotscheck, E., 1980, Astron. and Ap., 83, 1.Google Scholar
Leventhal, M., Mac Callum, C.J., and Stang, P.D., 1978, Ap. J., 225, L11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llobet, X., 1980, in preparation.Google Scholar
Machabelli, G.Z., and Usov, V.V., 1980, Ap. J., in press.Google Scholar
Manchester, R.N., 1978, Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia, 3, 200.Google Scholar
Manchester, R.N., and Lyne, A.G., 1977, M.N.R.A.S., 181, 761.Google Scholar
Manchester, R.N., and Taylor, J.M., 1972, Pulsars, W.M., Freeman Co. (San Francisco).Google Scholar
Mandrou, P., Vedrenne, G., and Masnou, J.L., 1980, preprint.Google Scholar
Max, C.E., 1973, Phys. Fluids, 16, 1272.Google Scholar
Max, C.E., and Perkins, F., 1971, Phys. Rev. Letters, 27, 1342.Google Scholar
Max, C.E., 1972, ibid., 29, 1731.Google Scholar
Massaro, E., and Salvati, M., 1979, Astr. and Ap., 71, 51.Google Scholar
Mestel, L., 1971, Nature Phys. Sci., 233, 149.Google Scholar
Mestel, L., Phillips, P., and Wang, Y.M., 1979, M.N.R.A.S., 188, 385.Google Scholar
Michel, F.C., 1969, Ap. J., 158, 727.Google Scholar
Michel, F.C., 1971, Comm. Ap. and Space. Sci., 3, 80.Google Scholar
Michel, F.C., 1980, Ap. and Sapce Sci., in press.Google Scholar
Novick, R., Weisskopf, M.C., Herthelsdorf, R., Linke, R., and Wolff, R.S., 1972, Ap. J. (Lett.), 173, L1.Google Scholar
Ogelman, H., Fichtel, C.E., Kniffen, D.A., Thompson, D.J., 1976, Ap. J., 209, 584.Google Scholar
Ostriker, J.P., and Gunn, J.E., 1969, Ap. J., 157, 1395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostriker, J.P., 1971, ibid., 164, L95.Google Scholar
Pacini, F., 1967, Nature, 216, 567.Google Scholar
Rees, M.J., 1971, Nature, 229, 312.Google Scholar
Rees, M.J., and Gunn, J.E., 1974, M.N.R.A.S., 167, 1.Google Scholar
Ricker, G.R., Scheepmaker, A., Ryckman, S.G., Ballintine, J.E., Doty, J.P., Downey, P.M., Lewin, W.H.G., 1975, Ap. J. (Lett.), 197, L93.Google Scholar
Romeiras, F.J., 1979, J. Plasma Phys., 22, 201.Google Scholar
Ruderman, M.A., 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett., 27, 1306.Google Scholar
Ruderman, M.A., and Sutherland, P.G., 1975, Ap. J., 196, 51.Google Scholar
Scharlemann, E.T., Arons, J., and Fawley, W.M., 1978, Ap. J., 222, 297.Google Scholar
Scharlemann, E.T., 1979 in Particle Acceleration Mechanisms in Astrophysics, ed. Arons, J., Max, C.E. and McKee, C.F. (New York: AIP), p. 373.Google Scholar
Shklovsky, I.S., 1970, Ap. J. (Lett.), 159, L77.Google Scholar
Smith, F.G., Disney, M.J., Hartley, K.F., Jones, D.H.P., King, D.J., Wellgate, G.B., Manchester, R.N., Lyne, A.G., Goss, W.M., Wallace, P.T., Peterson, B.A., Murdin, P.G., Danziger, I.J., 1978, M.N.R.A.S., 184, 39p.Google Scholar
Sturrock, P.A., 1971, Ap. J., 164, 529.Google Scholar
Sturrock, P.A., Petrosian, V., and Turk, J.S., 1975, Ap. J., 196, 73.Google Scholar
Sturrock, P.A., and Baker, K., 1979, Ap. J., 234, 612.Google Scholar
Tademaru, E., 1973, Ap. J., 183, 625.Google Scholar
Thompson, D.J., Fichtel, C.E., Kniffen, D.A., Lamb, R.C., Ogelman, H.B., 1926, Ap. J. (Lett.), 17, 173.Google Scholar
Weinberg, D.S.L., 1980, Ap. J., 235, 1078.Google Scholar