Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:14:30.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Work, Leisure, and Revival: the Integration of the 1859 Revival into the Working and Social Lives of the Townsfolk, Fermfolk, and Fisherfolk of Aberdeenshire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

K.S. Jeffrey*
Affiliation:
Parish Church of Coupar Old and St Michael of Tarvit

Extract

Often the timing and manner of revivals have been significantly influenced by the working and leisure patterns of the contexts within which they have occurred. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Scottish awakenings appeared most regularly within agrarian towns and villages during their summer communion seasons. Often they took place around the times of planting and harvest, with the result that the period between May and October was often considered the ‘holy season’. The appearance of these movements was appreciably affected by the annual agricultural cycles of work and rest. At the start of the nineteenth century the ability of these popular communion festivals to engender religious enthusiasm began to decline when, under the influence of an increasingly enlightened culture, they became more respectable and organized. In addition, new measures emerged which sought to attract the urban masses and they gradually undermined the old models of revivalism. Many of these ‘modern’ techniques were designed to compete against other social attractions for the attention and time of the city dweller. The 1859 revival hence presents an opportunity to examine how religious movements had changed and become related to the use of time by the middle of the nineteenth century.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Schmidt, L. E., Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modem Period (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 329, 156.Google Scholar

2 Carwardine, R., Transatlantic Revivalism: Popular Evangelicalism in Britain and America, 1790–1865 (Westport, CT, 1978), pp. 7180.Google Scholar

3 Long, K. T., The Revival of 1857–8: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening (Oxford, 1998), p. 28.Google Scholar

4 MacLaren, A. A., Religion and Social Class (London, 1974), p. 2.Google Scholar

5 Duncan, R., Textiles and Toil: The Factory System and the Industrial Working Class in Early Nineteenth Century Aberdeen (Aberdeen, 1984), p. 3.Google Scholar

6 Valentine, J., Aberdeen as it Was and Is (Aberdeen, 1871), p. 26.Google Scholar

7 Duncan, Textiles and Toil, p. 4.

8 Evans, E.J., The Forging of the Modem State: Early Industrial Britain 1783–1870 (London, 1983), pp. 22832.Google Scholar

9 Fraser, W. H., The Coming of the Mass Market 1850–1914 (London, 1981), p. 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 MacKinnen, L., Recollections of an Old Lawyer (Aberdeen, 1935), p. 111.Google Scholar

11 Thompson, E. P., ‘Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism’, P&P, 38 (Dec. 1967), p. 90.Google Scholar

12 Cook, A. S., Pen Sketches (Aberdeen, 1901), p. 232.Google Scholar

13 Skene, W., East Neuk Chronicles (Aberdeen, 1905), p. 16.Google Scholar

14 Carnie, W., Reporting Reminiscences (Aberdeen, 1902), p. 35.Google Scholar

15 Skene, East Neuk, pp. 16–22.

16 Fraser, Coming of the Mass Market, pp. 208, 214.

17 Northern Temperance Record, March 1841.

18 Aberdeen Almanac 1860 (Aberdeen, 1860), p. 241.

19 Harrison, B., ‘Religion and recreation in nineteenth century England’, P&P, 38 (Dec. 1967), p. 111.Google Scholar

20 Aberdeen Free Press, 13 April 1860, p. 6.

21 Ibid., 29 July 1859, p. 6.

22 Ibid., 13 Jan. 1860, p. 6.

23 Matthews, T. T., ed., Reminiscences of the Revival of Fifty Nine and the Sixties (Aberdeen, 1910), pp. 54, 113 Google Scholar.

24 Banffshire Journal, 18 Oct. 1859, p. 5.

25 Anon., Times of Refreshing: Being Notices of the Religious Awakenings which have Taken Place in the UK, with Special Reference to the Revival in Aberdeen (Aberdeen, 1859), p. 12.

26 Ibid.

27 Stonehaven Journal, 28 July 1860, p. 3.

28 Peterhead Sentinel, 24 Aug. 1860, p. 3.

29 Long, Revival 0/1857-8, p. 83.

30 Stonehaven Journal, 24 Feb. 1859, p. 3.

31 Omicron, Five letters on the Religious Movement in Aberdeen: with an Appendix on the Nature, Probability and Necessity of a Religious Revival (Aberdeen, 1859), p. 4.

32 Aberdeen Journal, 2 Feb. 1859, p. 3.

33 Thompson, ‘Time, work-discipline’, p. 60.

34 Ibid., pp. 61, 77.

35 Carter, I., Farmlife in North East Scotland (Edinburgh, 1979), p. 112.Google Scholar

36 Thompson, , ‘Time, work-discipline’, pp. 61, 77.Google Scholar

37 Gray, M., ‘North east agriculture and the labour force, 1790–1875’, in MacLaren, A. A., ed., Social Class in Scotland: Past and Present (Edinburgh, 1976), p. 88.Google Scholar

38 Aberdeen Almanac 1860, p. 12.

39 Thompson, ‘Time, work-discipline’, p. 61.

40 Carter, Farmlife, p. 154.

41 Aberdeen Free Press, 12 Oct. 1860, p. 6.

42 Banffshire Journal, 21 June 1859, p. 6.

43 Alexander, W. (ed. Carter, I.), Rural Life in Victorian Aberdeenshire (Edinburgh, 1992), p. 50.Google Scholar

44 Aberdeen Free Press, 20 May 1859, p. 4.

45 A Report of a Conference on the State of Religion and Public Meeting, held in the Free Church, Huntly, January 5, 1860 (Aberdeen, 1860), p. 21.

46 Ibid., p. 21.

47 Ibid., p. 7.

48 Ibid., p. 11.

49 Ibid., p. 32.

50 Schmidt, Holy Fairs, pp. 29, 215.

51 Smith, J. S. and Stevenson, D., eds, Fermfolk and Fisherfolk: Rural Life in Northern Scotland in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Aberdeen, 1989), p. 38.Google Scholar

52 Gray, M., The Fishing Industries of Scotland, 1790–1914: A Study in Regional Adaption (Oxford, 1978), p. 48.Google Scholar

53 Ibid., p. 24.

54 Thompson, , ‘Time, work-discipline’, p. 59.Google Scholar

55 McGibbon, J., The Fisherfolk of Buchan (Edinburgh, n.d.), p. 141.Google Scholar

56 Leatham, J., Fisherfolk of the North-East (Turiff, 1930), p. 7.Google Scholar

57 Aberdeen Free Press, 24 Feb. 1860, p. 6.

58 Ibid., 20 April 1860, p. 7.

59 Ibid., 24 Feb. 1860, p. 6.

60 Stark, J., John Murker (Banff, 1887), p. 165.Google Scholar

61 McGibbon, Fisherfolk, p. 76.

62 Banffshire Journal, 27 March 1860, p. 5.