¹ See, for example, Ps. 107: 41. Aristotle, Politics, ed. Steven Everson (Cambridge, 1988), 2-3 (1.2).

² For some examples, see C[awdrey], R[ichard], A godlic forme of honseholde government, ed. Dod, John and Cleaver, Robert (London, 1612 edn), 13 Google Scholar; Wats, Thomas, The entrie to Christianitie, or, an admonition to housholders (London, 1589)Google Scholar, sig. A4^V; Perkins, William, Christian oeconomie: or, a short survey of the right manner of erecting and ordering a family, according to the Scriptures (London, 1618)Google Scholar, dedication, in Workes, 3 vols ([Cambridge], 1618), vol. 3; Downame, John, A guide to godlyncsse or a treatise of a Christian life (London, 1629), 330 Google Scholar; Cawdrey, Daniel, Family reformation promoted in a sermon on Joshua, chap. 24. ver. 15 (London, 1656)Google Scholar, sig. A5^V; Tillotson, John, Six sermons … II. Family Religion (London, 1694), 83 Google Scholar; Slater, Samuel, An earnest call to family religion (London, 1694), 158 Google Scholar. See also Peel, Albert and Carlson, Leland H., eds, Cartwrightiana, Elizabethan Nonconformist Texts I (London, 1951), 159: ‘houses are the nurseryes of the church’.Google Scholar

³ Since the delivery of this lecture, a collection of essays addressing related issues has appeared: Martin, Jessica and Ryrie, Alec, eds, Private and Domestic Devotion in Early Modem Britain (Aldershot, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁴ See OED, s.vv. ‘family’ and ‘household’; Tadmor, Naomi, ‘The Concept of the Household-Family in Eighteenth-Century England’, P&P, no. 151 (1996), 111–40 Google Scholar. See also her Family and Friends in Eighteenth-Century England: Household, Kinship, and Patronage (Cambridge, 2001)Google Scholar. For a recent collection of essays reassessing the history of family since Lawrence Stone’s seminal The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (London, 1977)Google Scholar, see Berry, Helen and Foyster, Elizabeth, eds, The Family in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ Laslett, Peter and Wall, Richard, eds, Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge, 1972), esp. 125–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶ Wrightson, Keith, ‘Household and Kinship in Sixteenth-Century England’, History Workshop Journal 12 (1981), 151–8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cressy, David, ‘Kinship and Kin Interaction in Early Modern England’, P&P, no. 113 (1986), 38–69 Google Scholar; O’Day, Rosemary, The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France and the United States of America (London, 1994), 1–28, 125–7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Coster, Will, Family and Kinship in England 1450-1800 (Harlow, 2001)Google Scholar, ch. 5.

⁷ See Longfellow, Erica, ‘Public, Private and the Household in Early Seventeenth-Century England’, JBS 45 (2006), 313–34 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the ambivalence of early modern society about privacy, see Orlin, Lena Cowen, Locating Privacy in Tudor London (Oxford, 2007)Google Scholar.

⁸ Todd, Margo, ‘Humanists, Puritans and the Spiritualized Household’, ChH 49 (1980), 18–34 Google Scholar; Davies, Kathleen M., ‘Continuity and Change in Literary Advice on Marriage’, in Outhwaite, R. B., ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (London, 1981), 58–80.Google Scholar

⁹ Hegendorff, Christopher, Domcstycal or householde sermons, for a godly householder, to his children and family, transl. Reginald, Henry (London, 1548)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Perkins, , Christian oeconomie; Gouge, William, Of domesticall duties (London, 1622)Google Scholar; Griffith, Matthew, Bethel, or a forme for families (London, 1633)Google ScholarPubMed. Another is Carter, Thomas, Carters Christian commonwealth; or domesticall dutyes deciphered (London, 1627)Google Scholar. For previous discussions of the household as a religious unit, see Greaves, Richard L., Society and Religion in Elizabethan England (Minneapolis, MN, 1981)Google Scholar, ch. 7; Morgan, John, Godly Learning: Puritan Attitudes towards Reason, Learning, and Education, 1560-1640 (Cambridge, 1986)Google Scholar, ch. 8.

¹¹ Quotations from Jones, William, A briefe exhortation to all men to set their houses in order (London, 1631), 10 Google Scholar; Perkins, , Christian oeconomie, 670 Google Scholar. On the place of reading in family piety, see Cambers, Andrew, Godly Reading: Print, Manuscript and Puritanism in England, 1580-1720 (Cambridge, 2011)Google Scholar, ch. 3.

¹² Griffith, , Bethel, 395 Google Scholar; Wats, Entrie to Christianitie, sig. B1^r Bernard, Richard,Joshuas godly resolution in conference with Caleb, touching household government for well ordering with a familie (London, 1612)Google Scholar, sig. A3^r. For the sins of negligent heads of household, see C[awdrey], Godlie form of householde government, sig. A4^V; Gouge, Thomas, A word to housholders, in his A word to sinners, and a word to saints (London, 1670), 226.Google Scholar

¹³ Paget, Thomas, A demonstration oj family-duties (London, 1643), 57.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Hill, Christopher, ‘The Spiritualization of the Household’, in idem, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (London, 1964), 443–81.Google Scholar

¹⁵ This thesis infuses the following works to a greater or lesser extent: Powell, C. L., English Domestic Relations, 1487-1653 (New York, 1917)Google Scholar; Morgan, Edmund S., The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England (New York, 1944)Google Scholar; Schücking, L. L., The Puritan Family: A Social Study from Literary Sources (1929; London, 1969)Google Scholar; Stone, , Family, Sex and Marriage in England, esp. 141–2 Google Scholar; Ozment, Steven, Wlien Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Cambridge, MA, 1983)Google Scholar, esp. chs 1-2.

¹⁶ Collinson, Patrick, ‘The Protestant Family’, in idem, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York, 1988), 60–93 Google Scholar; Nunn, Susan Karant, ‘Reformation Society, Women and the Family’, in Pettegree, Andrew, ed., The Reformation World (London and New York, 2000), 433–59, esp. 433–6 Google Scholar. On clerical marriage, see Parish, Helen L., Clerical Marriage and the English Reformation: Precedent, Policy and Practice (Aldershot, 2000)Google Scholar; on godparenthood, Coster, Will, Baptism and Spiritual Kinship in Early Modern England (2002)Google Scholar. For balanced overviews that focus on England, see Houlbrooke, Ralph A., The English Family 1450-1700 (Harlow, 1984)Google Scholar; Fletcher, Anthony, ‘The Protestant Idea of Marriage in Early Modern England’, in Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson, ed. Fletcher, Anthony and Roberts, Peter (Cambridge, 1994), 161–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ Roper, Lyndal, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar. See also Fletcher, Anthony, ‘Prescription and Practice: Protestantism and the Upbringing of Children, 1560-1700’, in Wood, Diana, ed., The Church and Childhood, SCH 31 (Oxford, 1994), 325–46.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Some of these have been themes of earlier EHS conferences: Sheils, W. J. and Wood, Diana, eds, Women in the Church, SCH 27 (Oxford, 1990)Google Scholar; Wood, , ed., Church and Childhood Google Scholar; Swanson, R. N., ed., Gender and Christian Religion, SCH 34 (Woodbridge, 1998)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ See, for example, Elizabethan Episcopal Administration, ed. Kennedy, W. P. M., 3 vols, Alcuin Club Collections 26 (London, 1924), 2:93–4, 119, 127–8; 3: 346–7 Google Scholar; Greaves, , Society and Religion, 293–4.Google Scholar

²⁰ For a handful of catechisms and family prayer books, see Dering, Edward, Godly private praiers, for housholdcrs to meditate upon, and to sayc in their families (London, [1578])Google Scholar; Jones, Richard, A briefe and necessarie catechisme … for the benefit of all householders, their children and families (London, 1583)Google Scholar; Parker, John, A true patterne of pietie, meete for all Christian householders to looke upon, for the better education of their families (London, 1592)Google Scholar; Leech, James, A plaine and profitable catechisme, with certaine prayers adjoined, meete for parents and householders to teach their children and servants (Cambridge, 1605)Google Scholar; A short catechisme for householders, with praiers to the same adioyning (London, 1611)Google Scholar; , T. P., A short catechisme for householders (London, 1624)Google Scholar; Ram, Richard, The countrymans catechisme: or, a helpe for householders to instruct their families in the grounds of Christian religion (London, 1655)Google Scholar.

²¹ See Watt, Tessa, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640 (Cambridge, 1991)Google Scholar, ch. 6.

²² A short interpretation of the lords praier: necessary for all housholders to learne, and to teach their children and servants (London, 1627)Google Scholar.

²³ The Christians Jewell [fit] to adorne the hearte and decke the house of every Protestant (London, [1624])Google Scholar.

²⁴ The good hows-holder (London, 1607)Google Scholar; The husband’s instructions to his family, or household observations (London, 1685)Google ScholarPubMed.

²⁵ Hanmling, Tara, Decorating the ‘Godly’ Household: Religious Art in Post-Reformation Britain (New Haven, CT, and London, 2010)Google Scholar, especially her discussion of art designed to mimic the gaze and emphasize the presence of God (ch. 6); see also her ‘Old Robert’s Girdle: Visual and Material Props for Piety in Post-Reformation England’, in Martin and Ryrie, eds, Private and Domestic Devotion, 135-63; and, in this volume, ‘Living with the Bible in Post-Reformation England: The Materiality of Text, Image and Object in Domestic Life’, 210-39.

²⁶ Calvin, John, Institutes of the Christian Religion, transl. Beveridge, Henry, 2 vols (Grand Rapids, MI, 1989 edn), 2: 180 Google Scholar (III.20.30).

²⁷ Greenham, Richard, A godly exhortation, and fruitfull admonition to virtuous parents and modest matrons (London, 1584)Google Scholar, sigs A7^v–A8^r; Griffith, Bethel, 2. See also C[awdrey], Codlic forme of householde government, sigs A2^V–A3^r. Baskerville, Stephen, ‘The Family in Puritan Political Theology’, JFH 18 (1993), 157–77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, argues that the widespread deployment of familial metaphors was indicative of a contemporary sense of crisis within the family.

²⁸ Bernard, , Joshuas resolution, 22 Google Scholar.

²⁹ Nicholls, Josias, An order of household instruction (London, 1596)Google Scholar, ‘to the Reader’, esp. sigs B2^r, B3^v–B4^r.

³⁰ A scenario discussed in , R. R., The house-holders helpe, for domesticall discipline (London, 1615), 20–1.Google Scholar

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³² Clarke, Samuel, The lives of thirty-two English divines, famous in their generation for learning and piety, and most of them sufferers in the cause of Christ (London, 1677 edn), 135, 190–1 Google Scholar. Gouge, William was also exemplary in this respect: ‘A Narrative of the Life and Death of Doctor Gouge’, in Gouge, William, A learned and very useful commentary on the whole epistle to the Hebrewes (London, 1655)Google Scholar, sig. a2^v.

³³ Cawton, Thomas, The life and death of that holy and reverend man of God Mr Thomas Cawton (London, 1662), 60–1.Google Scholar

³⁴ Clarke, , Lives, 414 Google Scholar, alluding to 2 Tim. 1: 5. On godly women in conduct books and biographies, see Eales, Jacqueline, ‘Samuel Clarke and the “Lives” of Godly Women in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Sheils and Wood, eds, Women in the Church, 365–76 Google Scholar; eadem, ‘Gender Construction in Early Modern England and the Conduct Books of William Whateley, 1583-1639’, in Swanson, ed., Gender and Christian Religion, 163-74.

³⁵ Lake, Peter, ‘Reading Clarke’s Lives in Political and Polemical Context’, in Sharpe, Kevin and Zwicker, Steen N., eds, Writing Lives: Biography and Textualily, Identity and Representation in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2008), 293–318.Google Scholar

³⁶ Henry, Matthew, An account of the life and death of Philip Henry, minister of the gospel (London, 1698)Google Scholar, ch. 4 and preface, sig. A4^r. On these editorial strategies, see Crawford, Patricia, ‘Katharine and Philip Henry and their Children: A Case Study in Family Ideology’, in eadem, Blood, Bodies and Families in Early Modern England (Harlow, 2004), 175–208.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Foxe, John, Actes and Monuments (London, 1583 edn), 1956.Google Scholar

³⁹ Lake, Peter, ‘Feminine Piety and Personal Potency: The “Emancipation” of Mrs Jane Ratcliffe’, The Seventeenth Century 2 (1987), 143–65 Google Scholar; cf. Collinson’s, Patrick scepticism about the capacity of such texts to yield insight into individual lives: ‘“A Magazine of Religious Patterns”: An Erasmian Topic Transposed in English Protestantism’, in his Godly People: Essays on English Protestantism and Puritanism (London, 1983), 499–525 Google Scholar. On spirituality as ‘an emotional release from patriarchy’, see Willen, Diane, ‘Godly Women in Early Modern England: Puritanism and Gender’, JEH 43 (1992), 561–80 Google Scholar, at 577.

⁴⁰ Johnston, Warren, ‘Prophecy, Patriarchy, and Violence in the Early Modern Household:The Revelations of Anne Wentworth’, JFH 34 (2009), 344–68, esp. 353–5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; see also Hughes, Ann, ‘Puritanism and Gender’, in Coffey, John and Lim, Paul C. H., eds, The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism (Cambridge, 2008), 294–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴¹ Gouge, , Domesticall duties, 325–9, 467–9, 636–8.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Collinson, , Birthpangs, 75–7 Google Scholar; idem, ‘“Not Sexual in the Ordinary Sense”: Women, Men and Religious Transactions’, in idem, Elizabethan Essays, 119-50.

⁴⁵ Sharpe, J. A., ‘Disruption in the Well-Ordered Household: Age, Authority, and Possessed Young People’, in Griffiths, Paul, Fox, Adam and Hindle, Steve, eds, The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, 1996), 187–212 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The phenomenon of child prophecy reflects similar tensions: see my ‘“Out of the Mouths of Babes and Sucklings’: Prophecy, Puritanism and Childhood in Elizabethan Suffolk’, and Susan Hardman Moore, ‘“Such Perfecting of Praise out of the Mouth of a Babe”: Sarah Wight as Child Prophet’, in Wood, ed., Church and Childhood, 285-99 and 313-24. Quotation from Swan, John, A true and breife report of Mary Glovers vexation, and of her deliverance by fastings and prayer ([London, 1603]), 8.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ Tamling, , Decorating the ‘Godly’ Household, 269–73.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ For Vaughan, , see Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Early Stuart Church, ed. Fincham, Kenneth, 2 vols, CERS 1, 5 (Woodbridge, 1994–8), 1: 38 Google Scholar. The phrase ‘under color, or pretext of religion’ is used, for instance, in Richard Montagu’s articles for Chichester (1628): ibid. 2: 24; see also 1: 6-7, 59, 75, 103, 106, 144, 157, 176-7, 181, 194, 205; 2: 14, 52, 58, 89, 129, 138, 197. For similar articles from the Tudor period, see Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church of England: being a collection of injunctions, declarations, orders, articles of enquiry, &c., from the year 1546 to the year 1716, ed. Edward Cardwell, 2 vols (Oxford, 1844), 1: 91, 206-7, 245. 293-4, 360, 386, 468; 2: 23-4, 35, 302-4; Elizabethan Episcopal Administration, ed. Kennedy, 2: 105, 113, 123, 127-8; 3: 142, 154, 180, 189, 202, 205, 350.

⁵¹ Canon 72 in The Anglican Canons, 1529-1947, ed. Gerald Bray, CERS 6 (Woodbridge, 1998), 362-3. Canon 71 renewed the Elizabethan prohibition on preaching or administering communion in private houses.

⁵² The comparison had been made by Augustine. It is echoed by Perkins, , Christian oeconomie, 699 Google Scholar; Bayly, , Practice of pietie, 343.Google Scholar

⁵³ , R. R., House-holders helpe, 26.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Bancroft, Richard, A survay of the pretended holy discipline (London, 1593), 98 Google Scholar. See Earle, John, ‘A She Precise Hypocrite’, in his Microcosmography, or A Piece of the World Discovered in Essays and Characters (London, n.d.), 72–4 Google Scholar; Antibrownistus Puritanomastix, Three Speeches (1642), extracts in Sasek, Lawrence A., ed., Images of English Puritanism: A Collection of Contemporary Sources 1580-1646 (Baton Rouge, LA, and London, 1989), 309–15.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Sandys, Edwin, Sermons, PS (Cambridge, 1842), 270 Google Scholar; Cawdrey, , Family reformation promoted, 57 Google Scholar; Slater, , Earnest call, 310–11.Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ Directions of The General Assembly concerning secret and private worship, and mutual edification (Edinburgh, 1647), 8 Google Scholar; see also Paget, Thomas, A demonstration of family-duties (London, 1643)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁶ , H. N., A benedicitie or blessinge to be saide over the table ([Cologne], 1575)Google Scholar; see Marsh, Christopher, The Family of Love in English Society, 1550-1630 (Cambridge, 1994), 89–93.Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ Baxter, Richard, The poor man’s family book (London, 1674)Google Scholar; idem, The catechizing of families: a teacher of housholders how to teach their households (London, 1683)Google Scholar.

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⁷⁶ Cambers and Wolfe, ‘Reading, Family Religion, and Evangelical Identity’.

⁷⁷ Cited ibid. 876, from San Marino, CA, Henry E. Huntington Library, MS HM 6131, fol. 55^v, printed in The Life of John Rastrick, 1650-1727, ed. Andrew Cambers, Camden 5th ser. 36 (Cambridge, 2010), 128.

⁷⁸ As noted by Morgan, Godly Learning, 143.

⁷⁹ Edwards, Thomas, Gangracna: or A catalogue and discovery of many of the crrours, heresies, blasphemies and pernicious practices of the sectaries of this time, vented and acted in England in these four last years (London, 1646), 156 Google Scholar; Cawdrey, , Family reformation promoted, 26 Google Scholar; see also Thomas, Keith, ‘Women and die Civil War Sects’, P&P, no. 13 (1958), 42–62 Google Scholar, at 52.

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¹⁰³ London, BL, MS Lansdowne 50, no. 76, fol. 164^r.

¹⁰⁴ Kew, TNA, SP 12/16/47.

¹⁰⁵ TNA, SP 14/19/72, cited in Anstruther, Vaux of Harrowden, 386.

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