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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Ever since Leo XIII promulgated his encyclical Rerum novarum, ‘On the Conditions of the Working Classes’, in 1891, successive popes have added to the corpus of Catholic teaching on social/ labour questions. Pius X, for example, published an encyclical specifically addressing the vexed question of ‘interconfessional’ Christian trade unions in Germany, and Pius XI published no fewer than three encyclicals on social questions in the space of twelve months – Quadragesimo anno of May 1931, Nova impendet of October 1931, and Cantate Christi compulsi of May 1932. Recent popes, John XXIII, Paul VI, and John Paul II, have been equally prolific in their commentaries on the labour question.
1 For the texts of all these encyclicals see Carlen, C., IHM, ed., The Papal Encyclicals, 6 vols (Raleigh, NC, 1990), 3–4.Google Scholar
2 The most recent biography of Benedict XV is Pollard, J. F., The Unknown Pope: Benedict XV (1914-1922) and the Pursuit of Peace (London, 1999)Google Scholar.
3 As quoted ibid., pp. 6–7.
4 For the text, see Carlen, Papal Encyclicals, 3: 241–61.
5 For the early history of Italian Catholic economic and social organizations, see Misner, P., Social Catholicism in Europe: From the Onset of the Industrial Revolution to the First World War (London, 1991), ch. 13Google Scholar; Pollard, J. F., ‘Religion and the formation of the Italian working class’, in Halpern, R. and Morris, J., eds, American Exceptionalism: US Working Class Formation in an International Context (Basingstoke, 1997), pp. 169–70.Google Scholar
6 As quoted ibid., p. 169.
7 Ibid., pp. 163, 169.
8 As quoted in Rumi, G., ‘Un epistolario inedito’, Civitas, 2 (1991), pp. 3–83 Google Scholar, letter of 8 July 1897.
9 Gambasin, A., Gerarchia e laicato in Italia (Padua, 1986), p. 151.Google Scholar
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11 See Seton-Watson, C., Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (London, 1967), pp. 297–301.Google Scholar
12 Cardoza, A., Agrarian Elites and Italian Fascism: the Province of Bologna, 1901–1926 (Princeton, NJ, 1982), p. 12.Google Scholar
13 Bologna, Archivio Arcivescovile di Bologna [Bologna Diocesan Archives], Diario delle visitazioni episcopali, p. 484 (Budra).
14 Ibid., p. 582 (Vedrara).
15 Ibid., p. 295 (Calderara di Reno).
16 Rome, Archivio della Famiglia della Chiesa [Della Chiesa Family Archive, hereafter AFDC], Lettere e scritti di S.E.R. Msgr Giacomo della Chiesa, letter to Cardinal Merry del Val, 24 May 1910.
17 See, for example, Bolletino diocesano di Bologna, 2/iv (Jan. 1912), p. 116, ‘Caso morale’; 4/ iv (Jan. 1914), p. 113, ‘Caso morale’.
18 AFDC, S.E.R. Msgr Giacomo Della Chiesa, Lettere e scritti varie: Lettera Pastorale, 1908, p. 12.
19 L. Bedeschi, Il modernismo e Romolo Murri in Emilia-Romagna (Parma, 1967), p. 158.
20 Misner, Social Catholicism, p. 286.
21 Vatican City, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari [Archives of the Council of the Public Affairs of the Church, hereafter Vatican, AAEESS], 953–4, Italia 1918–1921 file, 348, ‘Mons. Pottier sulla questions del movimento democratico ed il ruolo della Chiesa’.
22 Misner, Social Catholicism, pp. 259–60.
23 Bedeschi, L., I capellini del lavoro: aspetti religiosi e culturali della società lombarda negli anni della crisi (Milan, 1977)Google Scholar.
24 Ibid., p. 211.
25 Mellinato, G., ‘Benedetto XV e il PPI’, La civiltà cattolica, 144 (1993), 3, pp. 277–8.Google Scholar
26 Bedeschi, L., I pionieri della Democrazia Cristian: modernismo cattolico, 1896–1906 (Milan, 1966), p. 347.Google Scholar
27 Ibid., p. 135.
28 Pollard, ‘Religion and the Italian working class’, p. 171.
29 Bedeschi, Il modernismo, pp. 77–8.
30 Lizzola, I. and Manzoni, E., ‘Proletariato Bergamasco e organizzazioni cattoliche: lo sciopero di Ranica (1909)’, Studi e ricerche di storia contemporanea, 15 (1981), pp. 15–18.Google Scholar
31 Horowitz, D. D., Storia del movimento sindacale in Italia (Bologna, 1966), pp. 186–7.Google Scholar
32 La civiltà cattolica, 65 (1914), 1, pp. 385–400, ‘Sindacalismo cristiano?’; 2, pp. 385–99, ‘Sindacalismo cristiano?’, pp. 546–59, ‘Sindacalismo cristiano?’.
33 Misner, Social Catholicism, pp. 286–7.
34 Carlen, Papal Encyclicals, 4: 146.
35 Ibid., pp. 144–5.
36 See AFDC, file on ‘Visite’, 34, ‘Discorso ai rappresentanti del Sindacat Catholique des ouvriers des Chemins de Fer Nederlandais’, May 1921, and La civiltà cattolica, 72 (1921), 4, p. 387.
37 Valente, G. B., Aspetti e momenti dell’azione sociale dei cattolici italiani (1892-1926) (Rome, 1968), p. 140.Google Scholar
38 Bedeschi, Pionieri, p. 347.
39 De Rosa, G., Luigi Sturzo (Turin, 1977), p. 186.Google Scholar
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41 Traniello, F. and Campanini, G., eds, Dizionario storico del movimento cattolico in Italia, 1860–1980, 3 vols in 5 (Turin, 1981-4), 2/i: 33.Google Scholar
42 Mellinato, ‘Benedetto XV e il PPI’, p. 75.
43 Foot, J. M., ‘“White Bolsheviks”? The Catholic Left and the Socialists in Italy, 1919–1920’, HistJ, 40 (1997), pp. 415–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44 La civiltà cattolica, 71 (1920), 2, p. 104.
45 Ibid., p. 101.
46 Scotta, A., ed., La concilizaione ufficiosa: diario del barone Carlo Monti lincaricato d’affari del governo italiano presso la Santa Sede (1914-1922), 2 vols (Vatican City, 1997), 2: 491.Google Scholar
47 Scotta, A., I vescovi veneti e la Santa Sede nella guerra 1915–1915, 3 vols (Rome, 1991), 3: 452.Google Scholar
48 See Kelikian, A., ‘Convitti operai cattolici e forza lavoro femminile’, in Gigli Marchetti, A., ed., Donna Lombarda (Milan, 1992), pp. 180–6.Google Scholar
49 See, for example, Agostini, F., ed., Le visite pastorali di Giuseppe Calligari nella diocesi di Padova(1884-88/1893-1905) (Rome, 1981), pp. 132–4.Google Scholar
50 Lovato, U. and Castellani, A., ‘Il beato Leonardo Murialdo e il movimento operaio cristiano’, in Italia Sacra: Spiritualità ed azione del laicato cattolico (Padua, 1969), p. 608.Google Scholar
51 Pollard, J. F., The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–1932: a Study in Conflict (Cambridge, 1985), p. 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52 As quoted in La civiltà cattolica, 71 (1920), 3, pp. 290–1.
53 Il corriere della sera, 23 Jan. 1922, p. 2.
54 Bollettino diocesano di Bologna, 4/v (Feb. 1914), p. 116, ‘avvertimenti ai Sacerdoti per Carnevale’; AFDC, Documenti, dispense ecc. del Msgr Giacomo Della Chiesa durante sua permanenza nell’Arcivescovado di Bologna, ‘Fervorino per funzione di riparazione al Sacro cuore di Gesul’ (no date).
55 Traniello and Campanini, Dizionario storico, i/i: 304.
56 Pollard, ‘Religion and the formation of the Italian working class’, p. 167.
57 As quoted ibid., p. 165.
58 Traniello and Campanini, Dizionario storico, 1/i: 176–7.
59 Howard Bell, D., Sesto San Giovanni: Workers, Culture and Politics in an Italian Town 1880–1922 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1986), p. 60.Google Scholar
60 It is significant that Benedict’s reign witnessed the formation of the Catholic boy scout movement in Italy, affiliated to Catholic Action and the Italian Catholic Sports Association: see Traniello and Campanini, Dizionario storico, i/ii, pp. 373–4.
61 Pollard, Vatican and Italian Fascism, pp. 107–8.
62 Vatican, AAEESS, 953–4, Italia, 1918–1921, ‘Mons. Pottier sulla question del movimento democratico e la Chiesa’: letter from Pottier to Gasparri, 15 Feb. 1920.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.