No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
In 1648 the creole elite of Mexico City was enthralled to learn that in December 1531 the Virgin Mary had appeared to a poor Indian and had miraculously imprinted on his cape the likeness of herself, which was still venerated in the chapel at Tepeyac just outside the city limits. The moment was opportune, since in 1622 Archbishop Juan Pérez de la Serna had completed the construction of a new sanctuary devoted to Our Lady of Guadalupe and in 1629 the image had been brought to the cathedral in a vain attempt to lower the flood waters that engulfed the capital for four years. In effect, Image of the Virgin Mary, Mother of God of Guadalupe (1648) was a heartfelt response to the growth in devotion to the Mexican Virgin; and its author, Miguel Sánchez, wrote as if inspired by a particular revelation, since his only guides were oral tradition and the stimulus of other apparition narratives. A creole priest, renowned for his piety, patriotism and great learning, Sánchez appears to have modelled his account on Murillo’s history of Our Lady of Pilar and her apparition at Zaragoza to St James, which is to say, to Santiago, the patron saint of Spain.
This paper in part summarizes material and arguments presented in my Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries (Cambridge, 2001).
1 Sánchez, Miguel, Imagen de la Virgen María, Madre de Dios de Guadalupe, milagrosamente aparecida en la ciudad de México. Celebrada en su historia, con la profecía del capítulo doce del Apocalipsis (Mexico, 1648)Google Scholar. All references are to Testimonios históricosguadalupanos, ed. Ernesto de la Torre Villar and Ramiro Navarro de Anda (Mexico, 1982), which provides the first complete re-edition of the original text; see here 177–81.
2 At this time the term sobrenombre could indicate an epithet, a title or a surname.
3 Belting, Hans, Likeness and Presence: a History of the Image before the Era of Art, trans. Japhcott, Edmund (Chicago, IL, 1994), 458–9, 471–4.Google Scholar
4 Christian, William A. Jr., Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain (Princeton, NJ, 1981), 12–41 Google Scholar; Gómez, Juan Miguel González and Roda Peña, José, Imaginería processional de la Semana Santa de Sevilla (Seville, 1992)Google Scholar, passim; Webster, Susan Verdi, Art and Ritual in Golden Age Spain (Princeton, NJ, 1998), 12–41.Google Scholar
5 Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, ed. Norman Tanner, 2 vols (London, 1990), 1: 135–6.
6 Ibid., 2: 774–6.
7 For the concept of the ‘Great Chain of Images’, see Pelikan, Jaroslav, Imago Dei: the Byzantine Apologia for Icons (New Haven, CT, 1990), 159–76.Google Scholar
8 St Theodore the Studite, On the Holy Icons, trans. Catherine P. Roth (Crestwood, NY, 1981), 47, 100–10.
9 Morisi-Guerra, Ana, ‘The Apocalypsis Nova: a Plan for Reform’, in Reeves, Majorie, ed., Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays (Oxford, 1992), 27–50, 129–83.Google Scholar
10 For the ‘eighth rapture’, see below at n. 29.
11 Manzano, Arcángel Barrado, San Pedro de Alcantara. Estudio documentado y crítico de su vida (Cáceres, 1995), 36–8, 183–4 Google Scholar; Pinilla, Ramón Mujica, Angeles apócrifos en la América virreinal (2nd edn, Lima, 1996), 55–79.Google Scholar
12 Christian, , Apparitions, 87–94.Google Scholar
13 Murillo, Diego, De las excelencias de la insigne y nobilísima ciudad de Zaragoza (Barcelona, 1616), 1–3, 8–15, 32.Google Scholar
14 Murillo, Diego, Fundación milagrosa de la capilla angélica y apostólica de la Madre de Dios del Pilar (Barcelona, 1616), 1–13, 67–9.Google Scholar
15 Ibid., 258, 272–3.
16 Ibid., 273.
17 Ibid., 133.
18 Ibid., 61–5.
19 Testimonios históricos, 153–5.
20 Ibid., 259–60.
21 Ibid., 158.
22 Ibid., 164.
23 Ibid., 170.
24 Ibid., 183–6.
25 Torquemada, Juan de, Los veinte y un libros rituales y monarquía indiana, ed. León-Portilla, Miguel et al., 7 vols (Mexico, 1975-83), 2: 9–10, 30, 326–30.Google Scholar
26 Testimonios históricos, 255–8.
27 Ibid., 229–33, 248–56.
28 Ibid., 238–41, 247–9.
29 Cruz, Mateo de la, Relación de la milagrosa aparición de la Santa imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe, sacado de la historia que compuso Br. Miguel Sánchez (Puebla, 1660)Google Scholar, repr. in Testimonios históricos, 279–80.
30 Ibid., 281.
31 Figueroa, José Vidal de, Teórica de la prodigiosa imagen de la Virgen Santa María de Guadalupe de Mexico (Mexico, 1661), 3.Google Scholar
32 Ibid., 5.
33 Ibid., 8–9.
34 Sánchez, Juan de Villa, Sermón de la milagrosa imagen de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (Mexico, 1734), 4–10.Google Scholar
35 Ibid., 17–23.
36 Testimonios históricos, 248–56.
37 Florencia, Francisco de, La Estrella del Norte de México (Mexico, 1688)Google Scholar, reprinted in Colección de obras y opúsculos pertenecientes a la milagrosa aparición de la bellísima imagen de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, que se venera en su santuario de México, 2 unnumbered vols (Madrid, 1785), 2:591-604.
38 Florencia, Francisco de, Origen de los dos célebres santuarios de la Nueva Galicia, obispado de Guadalajara en la América Septentrional (3rd edn, Mexico, 1766), 150 Google Scholar; on Amadeus, Florencia cited Medina, Baltazar de, Crónica de la santa provincia de San Diego de México de religiosos descalzos de N.S.P. Francisco de la Nueva España (Mexico, 1682), 123 Google Scholar, where Medina noted that San Pedro de Alcántara had approved of the Nova Apocalypsis.
39 Goicoechea, Juan de, La maravilla inmarcesible y milagro continuado de Santísima Señora Nuestra en su prodigiosa imagen de Guadalupe de México (Mexico, 1709), 2–4 Google Scholar. This sermon is repr. in facsimile edn in Siete sermones guadalupanos 1709–1765, ed. David A. Brading (Mexico, 1994), no continuous pagination.
40 Ibid., 4–5.
41 Ibid., 23–6.
42 Ibid., 27–8.
43 Tanco, Luis Becerra, Felicidad de México en el principio y milagroso origin que tuvo el santuario de la Virgen María Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe extramuros: en la aparición admirable de esta soberana Señora y de su prodigiosa imagen, ed. Gama, Antonio de (2nd edn, Mexico, 1675), 11–14.Google Scholar
44 Testimonios históricos, 263–4.
45 See The Story of Guadalupe. Luis Laso de la Vega’s ‘Huei tlamahuiçoltica’ of 164g, ed. and trans. Lisa Sousa, Stafford Poole and James Lockhart (Stanford, CA, 1998), 63–5, 69–71, 79.
46 The text is repr. in Testimonios históricos, 282–308; see also the variant translations in Jesús Galera Lamadrid, Nican mopohua: breve análisis literario e histórico (Mexico, 1991), 136–7, in which, together with the Náhuatl original, he prints in parallel columns the translations by Luis Becerra Tanco (1675), Primo Feliciano Velasquez (1926), Angel María Garibay (1978) and Mario Rojas Sánchez (1978).
47 Ibid., 140–1.
48 Testimonios históricos, 182.
49 Lamadrid, Galera, Nican mopohua, 158–9.Google Scholar
50 Ibid., 190–1.
51 Testimonios históricos, 305–7.
52 Quintero, Cayetano de Cabrera y, Escudo de armas de México (Mexico, 1746), 285–98.Google Scholar
53 Ibid., 516–19; see also Pompa, Antonio Pompa y, El gran acontecimiento guadalupano (Mexico, 1967)Google Scholar; Vizarrón died on 25 January 1747.
54 Ibid, 314–16, 331–3.
55 Anticoli, Esteban, Historia de la aparición de la Santísima Virgen María de Guadalupe en México, 2 vols (Mexico, 1897), 2: 89.Google Scholar
56 Torres, Cayetano Antonio de, Sermon de la Santísima Virgen de Guadalupe (Mexico, 1757), 21.Google Scholar
57 Ibid., 32.
58 Francisco Javier Lazcano, S.J., Sermón panegyrico al ínclito patronato de María Señora Nuestra en su milagrosísima imagen de Guadalupe sobre la universal Septentrional América (Mexico, 1759), passim.Google Scholar
59 Francisco Javier Lazcano, S.J., Guadalupano zodiaco para recibir de la escogida como el Sol María Señora Nuestra (Mexico, 1750, repr. 1776)Google Scholar, unpaginated: see meditation for 12 September.
60 Ibid., meditation for 12 October.
61 Alamán, Lucas, Historia de Méjico (4th edn, Mexico, 1968), 1: 243–5.Google Scholar
62 Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel, ‘La fiesta de Guadalupe’ (1884), repr. in Testimonios históricos guadalupanos, 1127–33.Google Scholar
63 Ibid., 1209–10.
64 Brading, , Mexican Phoenix, 313–16, 336.Google Scholar