Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T02:34:13.476Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Explaining Social Discrimination: Racism in Brazil and Xenophobia in Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2013

Leoncio Camino ,
José Luis Álvaro ,
Ana Raquel R. Torres ,
Alicia Garrido ,
Thiago Morais  and
Juliana Barbosa
Leoncio Camino*
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Brazil)
José Luis Álvaro
Affiliation:
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain)
Ana Raquel R. Torres
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Brazil)
Alicia Garrido
Affiliation:
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain)
Thiago Morais
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Brazil)
Juliana Barbosa
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Brazil)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Leoncio Camino. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. CCHLA. Departamento de Psicologia. 58051-900. João Pessoa. PB. Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The present study investigates the arguments used by university students in order to explain social differences between social minorities and majorities. In Brazil, the issues investigated refer to White and Black people. In Spain, the reference is to native Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants. The participants were 144 Brazilians and 93 Spaniards, who answered a questionnaire composed of socio-demographic variables and one open question about the causes of social inequalities between Black and White people in Brazil and between autochthonous Spaniards and Moroccan Immigrants. A model is proposed to integrate the four discursive classes found using ALCESTE software. In Brazil, the strongest argument is based on the historical roots of the exploitation of Black people. In Spain, cultural differences are the main explanation for social inequalities.

Keywords

racismxenophobiadiscriminationdiscursive repertoires
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 16 , 2013 , E73
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Study financed by Programa Hispano-Brasileño de Cooperación Interuniversitaria (Capes-DGU-HPB2009-0077).

References

Alceste (2002). Manuel d´utilisation [User manual] . Tolouse, France: Image.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. (2009). Legacies of race: Identities, attitudes, and politics in Brazil. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bralo, Z., & Morrison, J. (2005). International migration and security: Opportunities and challenges. In Guild, E. & Van Selm, J. (Eds.), Cultural and identity security (pp. 113–128). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its social psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Camino, L. (2004). A Psicologia e a luta contra o Racismo: Temos de que nos orgulhar? [Psychology and the fight against racism: Do we have to be proud of?] In de Psicologia, Conselho Federal (Ed.), Psicologia e direitos humanos: Subjetividade e exclusão [Psychology and human rights: Subjectivity and exclusion] (pp. 231–242). São Paulo, Brazil: Casa do Psicólogo.Google Scholar
Camino, L., da Silva, P., Machado, A., & Pereira, C. (2001). A face oculta do racismo no Brasil: Uma análise psicossociológica. [The hidden face of racism in Brazil: A social psychological analysis] Revista de Psicologia Política, 1, 13–36.Google Scholar
Camino, L., da Silva, P., & Machado, A. (2004). As novas formas de expressão do preconceito racial no Brasil: Estudos exploratórios. [New forms of expressing racial prejudice in Brazil: Exploratory studies]. In Lima, M. E. O. & Pereira, M. E. (Eds.), Estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação: Perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas [Stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination: Theoretical and methodological perspectives] . (pp. 121–140). Salvador, Brazil: EDUFBA.Google Scholar
Cea D´Ancona, M. A. (2009). La compleja detección del racismo y la xenofobia a través de encuesta: Un paso adelante en su medición. [The complex detection of racism and xenophobia through questionnaires: A step forward it’s measure]. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 125, 13–45.Google Scholar
Cea D´Ancona, M. A., & Valles, M. M. (2009). Evolución del racismo y la xenofobia en España. [The evolution of racism and xenophobia in Spain] . Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, OBERAXE, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas CIS 2008 Estudio 2773.Google Scholar
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) (2008). Estudio 2731 [Study 2731] . Madrid, Spain: Author.Google Scholar
Díez Nicolás, J. (2005). Las dos caras de la inmigración. [The two faces of immigration] Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.Google Scholar
Doise, W. (1990). Les représentations socials [Social representations]. In Ghiglione, R., Bonnet, C., & Richard, J. F. (Eds.), Traité de psychologie cognitive 3: Cognition, représentation, communication [Manual of cognitive psychology 3: Cognition, representation communication] (pp. 111–174). Paris, France: Dunod.Google Scholar
Figgou, L., & Condor, S. (2006). Irrational categorization, natural intolerance and reasonable discrimination: Lay representations of prejudice and racism. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 219–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466605X40770 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 61–89). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Cruz, A., Agulló-Tomás, E., Rodríguez-Suárez, J., & Agulló-Tomás, M. S. (2004). Discursos juveniles sobre inmigración: Un análisis psicosociológico en estudiantes de ESO. [Youth discourses on immigration: A social psychological analysis with ESO students.] Psicothema, 16, 384–390.Google Scholar
IBGE. (2010). Síntese de indicadores sociais [Summary of social indicators] . Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.Google Scholar
IBGE. (2011). Censo 2010. [2010 census] . Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.Google Scholar
IIEAMM. (2010). El impacto de la crisis económica en la situación laboral de los inmigrantes marroquíes en España. [The impact of the economic crisis on the employment situation of Moroccan immigrants in Spain]. Madrid, Spain: International Institute of Arab Studies and the Muslim World.Google Scholar
Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.55.6.893 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConahay, J., & Hough, J. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of social issues, 32, 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02493.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, G. L. (2010). Racism and Brazilian democracy: Two sides of the same coin? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33, 1776–1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419871003739825 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morales, J. F. (2003). El estudio de la exclusión social en la psicología social. [The study of social exclusion in social psychology]. In Morales, J. F., & Huici, C. (Eds.), Estudio de psicología social [Study of social psychology] . (pp. 509–538). Madrid, Spain: UNED.Google Scholar
Moya, M., & Puertas, S. (2005). Inmigración y rechazo social. [Immigration and social rejection]. Mente y Cerebro, 15, 10–15.Google Scholar
Pérez, M., & Desrues, T. (2006). Opinión de los españoles en materia de racismo y xenofobia. [Spanish opinions on racism and xenophobia.] Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.Google Scholar
Pereira, C. R., & Vala, J. (2011). A legitimação da discriminação em diferentes contextos normativos. [legitimation of discrimination in different normative contexts]. In Techio, E. M. & Lima, M. E. (Eds.), Cultura e produção das diferenças: Estereótipos e preconceito (pp. 363–404). Brasília, Brazil: TechnoPolitik.Google Scholar
Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Costa-Lopes, R. (2010). From prejudice to discrimination: The legitimizing role of perceived threat in discrimination against immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1231–1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.718 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Leyens, J.-P. (2009). From infra-humanization to discrimination: The mediation of symbolic threat needs egalitarian norms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 336–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.10.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettigrew, T., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, M. (1990). ALCESTE - Une méthodologie d’analyse des données textuelles et une application: Aurélia de Gérard de Nerval. [ALCESTE - A methodology for analyzing textual data and application: Aurélia de Gérard de Nerval]. Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 26, 24–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/075910639002600103 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Retortillo, A., & Rodríguez, H. (2008). Actitudes de aculturación y prejuicio étnico en los distintos niveles educativos: Un enfoque comparado. [Attitudes of acculturation and ethnic prejudice in different educational levels: A comparative approach]. Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado 11, 61–71.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In Katz, P. A. & Taylor, D. A. (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53–84). New York, NY: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar