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Culturally Relevant Meanings of the Protestant Work Ethic and Attitudes towards Poor Persons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2018

Allan B. I. Bernardo Open the ORCID record for Allan B. I. Bernardo [Opens in a new window] ,
Sheri R. Levy  and
Ashley E. Lytle
Allan B. I. Bernardo*
Affiliation:
University of Macau (Macau, SAR China)
Sheri R. Levy
Affiliation:
Stony Brook University (USA)
Ashley E. Lytle
Affiliation:
Stevens Institute of Technology (USA)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Allan B. I. Bernardo. University of Macau. Faculty of Social Sciences. Department of Psychology. Avenida da Universidade, Room E21–3060 Humanities and Social Sciences Building, Taipa, (Macau SAR China). E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

The Protestant work ethic (PWE), or the belief that hard work leads to success, is a popular belief across cultures. Much work indicates that PWE contributes to negative evaluations of disadvantaged groups presumably through the notion that they deserve their disadvantage for not working hard enough (“PWE-Justifier”). But there is another dimension of PWE that expresses the belief that everyone could succeed through hard work (“PWE-Equalizer”). We propose that the PWE-Justifier is meaningful in cultures that emphasize individualism and personal responsibility, but not in others. In a cross-cultural study, we compare how PWE-Justifier relates to evaluations of poor persons in the USA (individualist culture) and the Philippines (low individualist culture). In the USA sample, regression analysis indicated that internal attributions of poverty mediated the relationships of PWE-Justifier with negative stereotypes (R2 = .32) and with negative attitudes towards poor persons (R2 = .13). Bootstrapping analysis indicated that both indirect effects of PWE-Justifier were significant: Negative stereotypes, B = .17, SE = .03, p < .0001, 95% CI [.11, .24]; negative attitudes, B = 2.52, SE = 1.11, p = .014, 95% CI [0.49, 4.84]. The results were not found in the Philippine sample, where instead, PWE-Equalizer negatively predicted negative attitudes (R2 = .05) and positively predicted empathy (R2 = .05) for poor persons. The results are discussed in terms of how the negative consequences of PWE may derive from the cultural syndrome of individualism that emphasizes personal control and responsibility.

Keywords

attitudescultureindividualismpovertyProtestant work ethic
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 21 , 2018 , E40
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2018 

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Footnotes

Funding information: Fulbright Fellowship, University of Macau MYRG2014–00099–FSS

‡

The original version of this article was published with an incorrect author name. A notice detailing this has been published and the error rectified in the online PDF and HTML copies

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