Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T22:28:30.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The noncognitive features of dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

NHP Allen  and
Alistair Burns
NHP Allen*
Affiliation:
The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Alistair Burns
Affiliation:
The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
*
H Allen, The University of Manchester, School of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Withington Hospital, West Didsbury, Manchester M20 8LR, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Psychiatry of old age
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , February 1995 , pp. 57 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Alzheimer, A, Über eine Eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie and Psychisch-Gerichtlich Medicin 1907; 64: 146–48.Google Scholar
2 Kiloh, LG. Pseudo-dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1961; 37: 336–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3 Rabins, PV, Merchant, A, Nestadt, G. Criteria for diagnosing reversible dementia caused by depression: validation by 2-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144: 488–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4 Emery, VO, Oxman, TE. Update on the dementia spectrum of depression. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 305–17.Google ScholarPubMed
5 Nott, PN, Fleminger, JJ. Presenile dementia: the difficulties of early diagnosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1975; 51: 210–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6 Lauter, H, Dame, S. Depressive disorders and dementia: the clinical view. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1991;366: 40–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7 Burke, WJ, Rubin, EH, Morris, JC, Berg, L. Symptoms of ‘depression’ in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1988; 2(4): 356–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8 Merriam, AE, Aronson, MK, Gastopn, P, Wey, Su-L, Katz, I. The psychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 7–12.Google Scholar
9 Cummings, JL, Miller, B, Hill, MA, Neshkes, R. Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 389–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.Google Scholar
11 Troisi, A, Pasini, A, Gori, G et al. Assessment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: symptoms, syndrome, and computed tomography findings. Dementia 1993; 4(2): 87–93.Google ScholarPubMed
12 Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960; 23: 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13 Knesevich, JW, Martin, RL, Berg, L, Danziger, W. Preliminary report on affective symptoms in the early stages of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 233–35.Google Scholar
14 Zung, WWK. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965; 12: 63–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15 Blessed, G, Tomlinson, BE, Roth, R. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and senile change in the cerebral gray matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968; 114: 797–811.Google Scholar
16 Breen, AR, Larson, EB, Reifler, BV, Vitaliano, PP, Lawrence, GL. Cognitive performance and functional competence in co-existing dementia and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984; 32: 132–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Reifler, BV, Larson, EB, Teri, L, Poulsen, M. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 855–59.Google Scholar
18 Folstein, MF, Folstein, S, McHugh, P. Mini-mental state. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19 Lazarus, L, Newton, N, Cohler, B, Lesser, J, Schweon, C. Frequency and presentation of depressive symptoms in patients with primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 41–45.Google Scholar
20 Feighner, JP, Robins, E, Guze, SB, Woodruff, RA Jr, Winokur, G, Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 26: 57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21 McKhann, G, Drachman, DA, Folstein, MF, Katzman, R, Price, D, Stalan, EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22 Krishnan, KRR, Heyman, A, Ritchie, JC, Utley, CM, Dawson, DV, Rogers, H. Depression in early onset Alzheimer's disease: clinical and neuroendocrine correlates. Biol Psych 1988; 24: 937–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23 Woodruff, RA Jr, Goodwin, DW, Guze, SB eds. Psychiatric diagnosis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
24 Kumar, A, Koss, E, Metzler, D, Moore, A, Freidland, RP. Behavioral symptomatology in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1988; 2(4): 363–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25 Spitzer, RL, Endicott, J. The schedule for affective disorders (SDAS-C). Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24: 540–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26 Zubenko, GS, Moossy, J. Major depression in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 1182–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27 Mackenzie, TB, Robiner, WN, Knopman, DS. Differences between patient and family assessments of depression in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1174–78.Google ScholarPubMed
28 Reisberg, B, Franssen, E, Sclan, SG, Kluger, A, Ferris, SH. Stage specific indicence of potentially remediable behavioural symptoms in aging and Alzheimer disease. A study of 120 patients using the BEHAVE-AD. Bull Clin Neurosci 1989; 54: 95–112.Google Scholar
29 Reisberg, B, Borenstein, J, Salob, SP, Ferris, SH, Franssen, E, Georgotas, A. Behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1987; 48(5) suppl: 9–15.Google Scholar
30 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third (revised) edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.Google Scholar
31 Rovner, BW, Broadhead, J, Spencer, M, Carson, K, Folstein, MF. Depression and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 350–53.Google ScholarPubMed
32 Wing, JK, Cooper, JE, Sartorius, N eds. The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms: an instruction manual for the PSE and CATEGO programs. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
33 Burns, AB, Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. III Disorders of mood. Br J Psychiatry 1990, 157: 81–86.Google Scholar
34 Copeland, J, Kelleher, M, Kellett, J et al. The Geriatric Mental State Schedule: development and reliability. Psychol Med 1976; 6: 439–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35 Cooper, JK, Mungas, D, Weiler, PG. Relation of cognitive status and abnormal behaviours in Alzheimer's disase. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 867–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36 Lopez, OL, Boller, F, Becker, JT, Miller, M, Reynolds, CF III. Alzheimer's disease and depression: neuropsychological impairment and progression of the illness. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 855–60.Google ScholarPubMed
37 Patterson, MB, Schnell, AH, Martin, RL, Mendez, MF, Smyth, KA, Whitehouse, PJ. Assessment of behavioral and affective symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990; 3: 21–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38 Rosen, J, Zubenko, GS. Emergence of psychosis and depression in the longitudinal evaluation of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psych 1991; 29: 224–32.Google Scholar
39 Devanand, DP, Miller, L, Richards, M et al. The Columbia University scale for psychopathology in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 371–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40 Mayeux, R, Stern, Y, Rosen, J, Leventhal, J. Depression, intellectual impairment and Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1981; 31: 645–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41 Zubenko, GS, Rosen, J, Sweet, RA, Mulsant, BH, Rifai, AH. Impact of psychiatric hospitalization on behavioral complications of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1484–91.Google ScholarPubMed
42 Corey-Bloom, J, Galasko, D, Hofstetter, R, Jackson, JE, Thal, LJ. Clinical features distinguishing large cohorts with possible AD, probable AD, and mixed dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 31–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43 Bucht, G, Adolfsson, R. The comprehensive psychopathological rating scale in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 68: 263–70.Google Scholar
44 Åsberg, M, Perris, CP, Schalling, D, Sedvall, G. The CPDS – development and applications of a psychiatric rating scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1978; 217.Google Scholar
45 Reding, M, Haycox, J, Blass, J. Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 894–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46 Greenwald, BS, Kramer-Ginsberg, E, Marin, DB et al. Dementia with coexistent major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1472–78.Google Scholar
47 Cohen, D, Eisdorfer, C, Gorelick, P et al. Psychopathology associated with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. J Gerontol 1993; 48(6): M255–60.Google Scholar
48 Sultzer, DL, Levin, HS, Mahler, ME, High, WM, Cummings, JL. A comparison of psychiatric symptoms in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1806–1812.Google ScholarPubMed
49 Levin, HS, High, WM, Goethe, KE et al. The neurobehavioural rating scale: assessment of the behavioural sequelae of head injury by the clinician. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 183–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50 Blazer, DG. Affective disorders in late life. In: Busse, EW, Blazer, DG eds. Geriatric psychiatry. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1989.Google Scholar
51 Perry, RH, Irving, D, Blessed, G, Perry, EK, Fairburn, AF. Clinically and pathologically distinct form of dementia in the elderly. Lancet 1989; 1: 168.Google Scholar
52 McKeith, IG, Perry, RH, Fairburn, AF, Jabeen, S, Perry, EK. Operational criteria for senile dementia of Lewy body type (SDLT). Psychol Med 1992; 22: 911–22.Google Scholar
53 Jung, R, Solomon, K. Psychiatric manifestations of Pick's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1993; 5: 187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54 Berrios, GE. Presbyophrenia: the rise and fall of a concept. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 267–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55 Berrios, GE. Presbyophrenia: clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147: 76–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56 Agbayewa, MO, Weir, J, Tuokko, H, Beattie, L. Depression in dementia: its impact on functional ability. Dementia 1991; 2: 212–17.Google Scholar
57 Reifler, BV, Larson, EB, Hanley, R. Coexistence of cognitive impairment and depression in geriatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 623–26.Google ScholarPubMed
58 Fischer, P, Simanyi, M, Danielczyk, W. Depression in dementia of the Alzheimer type and in multi-infarct dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1484–87.Google ScholarPubMed
59 Sultzer, DL, Lewin, HS, Mahler, ME, High, WM, Cummings, JL. Assessment of cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioural disturbances in patients with dementia: the neurobehavioural rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 549–55.Google Scholar
60 Fitz, AG, Teri, L. Depression, cognition, and functional ability in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 186–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61 Eisdorfer, C, Cohen, D, Paveza, GJ et al. An empirical evaluation of the Global Deterioration Scale for staging Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 190–94.Google ScholarPubMed
62 Mayeux, R, Stern, Y, Spanton, S. Heterogeneity in dementia of the Alzheimer type: evidence of subgroups. Neurology 1985; 35: 453–61.Google Scholar
63 Agbayewa, MO. Earlier psychiatric morbidity in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 561–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64 Chui, HC, Teng, EL, Henderson, VW, Moy, AC. Clinical subtypes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology 1985; 35: 1544–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65 Nyth, AL, Gottfries, CG, Blennow, K, Bråne, G, Wallin, A. Heterogeneity of the course of Alzheimer's disease: a differentiation of subgroups. Dementia 1991; 2: 18–24.Google Scholar
66 Burns, A, Levy, R. Clinical diversity of late onset Alzheimer's disase. (Maudsley Monographs, 34.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
67 Förstl, H, Burns, A, Luthert, P, Cairns, N, Lantos, P, Levy, R. Clinical and neuropathological correlates of depression in Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Med 1992; 22: 877–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68 Zweig, RM, Ross, CA, Hedreen, JC et al. The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 233–42.Google Scholar
69 Zubenko, GS, Moossy, J, Kopp, U. Neurochemical correlates of major depression in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 209–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70 Liston, EH, Jarvik, LF, Gerson, S. Depression in Alzheimer's disease: an overview of adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms. Compr Psychiatry 1987; 28: 444–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71 Starkstein, SE, Robinson, RG, Price, TR. Comparison of patients with and without poststroke major depression matched for size and location of lesion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 45: 247–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72 Starkstein, SE, Robinson, RG. Affective disorders and cerebrovascular disease. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154: 170–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73 Astrom, M, Adolfsson, R, Asplund, K. Major depression in stroke patients: a 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke 1993; 24: 976–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74 Robinson, RG, Boston, JD, Starkstein, SE, Price, TR. Comparison of mania with depression following brain injury: causal factors. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 172–78.Google Scholar
75 Pearlson, GD, Ross, CA, Lohr, WD, Rovner, BW, Chase, GA, Folstein, MF. Association between family history of affective disorder and the depressive syndrome of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 452–56.Google ScholarPubMed
76 Morris, PLP, Robinson, RG, Raphael, B, Samuels, J, Molloy, P. The relationship between risk factors for affective disorder and poststroke depression in hospitalised stroke patients. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1992; 26: 208–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77 Reifler, BV, Teri, L, Raskind, MA et al. A double blind trial of a tricyclic antidepressant in Alzheimer's patients with and without depression. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 45–49.Google ScholarPubMed
78 Lipsey, JR, Robinson, RG, Pearlson, GD, Rao, K, Price, TR. Nortriptyline treatment for poststroke depression: a double blind study. Lancet 1984; 1: 297–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79 Reding, M, Orto, LA, Winter, SW, Fortuna, IM, Di Ponte, P, McDowell, FH. Antidepressant therapy after stroke: a double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 1986; 3: 763–65.Google Scholar
80 Jenike, MA. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors for treatment of depressed patients with primary dementia (Alzheimer's disease). Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 763–64.Google ScholarPubMed
81 Postma, JU, Vranesci, D. Moclobemide in the treatment of depression in demented geriatric patients. Acta Therapeutica 1985; 11: 1–4.Google Scholar
82 Nyth, AL, Gottfries, CG. The clinical efficacy of citalopram in treatment of emotional disturbances in dementia disorders. A Nordic multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 894–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83 Nelson, JP, Rosenberg, DR. ECT treatment of demented elderly patients with major depression: a retrospective study of efficacy and safety. Convulsive Therapy 1991; 7: 157–65.Google ScholarPubMed
84 Rubin, EH, Drevets, WC, Burke, WJ. The nature of psychotic symptom in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988; 1: 16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85 Berg, L. Clinical dementia rating. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 145: 339.Google Scholar
86 Burns, A, Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Behavioral abnormalities and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: preliminary findings. Int Psychogeriatr 1990; 2(1): 25–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87 Burns, AB, Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. IV Disorders of behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 86–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88 Burns, AB, Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. I: Disorders of thought content. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 72–76.Google Scholar
89 Burns, AB, Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Psychiatric pehnomena in Alzheimer's disease. II: Disorders of perception. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 76–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90 Fish, F. Fish's clinical psychopathology, second edition (series editor: Hamilton, M.) Bristol: Wright, 1985.Google Scholar
91 Cummings, JL. Organic delusions: phenomenology, anatomical correlations and review. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146: 184–97.Google Scholar
92 Cooper, JK, Mungas, D, Verma, M, Weiler, PG. Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 721–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93 Deutsch, LH, Bylsma, FW, Rovner, BW, Steele, C, Folstein, MF. Psychosis and physical aggression in probable Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148(9): 1159–63.Google ScholarPubMed
94 Gilley, DW, Whalen, ME, Wilson, RS, Bennett, DA. Hallucinations and associated factors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci 1991; 3(4): 371–76.Google ScholarPubMed
95 Khachaturian, ZS. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1985; 2: 1097–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96 Lopez, OL, Becker, JT, Brenner, RP, Rosen, J, Bajulaiye, OI, Reynolds, CF III. Alzheimer's disease with delusions and hallucinations: neuropsychological and electroencephalographic correlates. Neurology 1991; 41: 906–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97 Jeste, DV, Wragg, RE, Salmon, DP, Harris, MJ, Thal, LJ. Cognitive deficits of patients with Alzheimer's disease with and without delusions. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149(2): 184–89.Google ScholarPubMed
98 Mendez, MF, Martin, RJ, Smyth, KA, Whitehouse, PJ. Disturbances of person identification in Alzheimer's disease. A retrospective study. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180: 94–96.Google Scholar
99 Förstl, H, Besthorn, C, Geiger-Kabisch, C, Sattel, H, Schreiter-Gasser, U. Psychotic features and the course of Alzheimer's disease: relationship to cognitive, electroencephalographic and computerized tomography findings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 87(6): 395–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100 Roth, M, Tym, E, Mountjoy, C et al. CAMDEX: a standardized instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 698–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101 Flynn, FG, Cummings, JL, Gornbein, J. Delusions in dementia syndromes: investigation of behavioral and neuropsychological correlates. J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci 1991; 3: 364–70.Google Scholar
102 Ballard, CG, Chithiramohan, RN, Bannister, C, Handy, S, Todd, N. Paranoid features in the elderly with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991; 6: 155–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103 Binetti, G, Bianchetti, A, Padovani, A, Lenzi, G, De Leo, D, Trabucchi, M. Delusions in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 88: 5–9.Google Scholar
104 Hansen, L, Salmon, D, Galasko, D et al. The Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease: a clinical and pathological entity. Neurology 1990; 40: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105 Perry, RH, Irving, D, Blessed, G, Fairburn, AF, Perry, EK. Senile dementia of the Lewy body type. A clinically and neuropathologically distinct form of Lewy body dementia in the elderly. J Neuro sci 1990; 95: 119–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106 Burkhardt, CR, Filley, CM, Kleinschmidt-De Masters, BK, de la Monte, S, Norenberg, MD, Schneck, SA. Diffuse Lewy body disease and progressive dementia. Neurology 1988; 38: 1520–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107 Byrne, EJ, Lennox, G, Lowe, J, Godwin-Austen, RB. Diffuse Lewy body disease: clinical features in 15 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 709–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108 Ballinger, BR, Reid, AH, Heather, BB. Cluster analysis of symptoms in elderly demented patients. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 257–62.Google Scholar
109 Berrios, GE, Brook, P. Delusions and the psychopathology of the elderly with dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985; 72: 296–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110 Rubin, EH, Kinscherf, DA. Psychopathology of very mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1017–21.Google Scholar
111 Rubin, EH, Kinscherf, DA, Morris, JC. Psychopathology in younger versus older persons with very mild and mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150(4): 639–42.Google ScholarPubMed
112 Förstl, H, Burns, A, Luthert, P, Cairns, N, Levy, R. The Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical and pathological findings. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 162: 385–92.Google Scholar
113 Förstl, H, Almeida, OP, Owen, AM, Burns, A, Howard, R. Psychiatric, neurological and medical aspects of misidentification syndromes: a review of 260cases. Psychol Med 1991; 21: 905–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
114 Drevets, WC, Rubin, EH. Psychotic symptoms and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Biol Psychol 1989; 25: 39–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115 Lachs, MS. Becker, M, Siegal, AP, Miller, RL, Tinetti, ME. Delusions and behavioral disturbances in cognitively impaired elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40(8): 768–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116 Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Computed tomography in the elderly. 2. Senile dementia diagnosis and functional impairment. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 256–69.Google Scholar
117 Teri, L, Larson, EB, Reifler, BV. Behavoural disturbance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118 Rubin, EH. Psychopathology of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Adv Neurol 1990; 51: 53–59.Google ScholarPubMed
119 Förstl, H, Burns, A, Jacoby, R, Levy, R. Neuroanatomical correlates of clinical misidentification and misperception in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 268–71.Google Scholar
120 Kapur, N, Turner, A, King, C. Reduplicative paramnesia: possible anatomical and neuro-psychological mechanisms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 579–81.Google Scholar
121 Chen, Jenn-Y, Stern, Y, Sano, M, Mayeux, R. Cumulative risks of developing extrapyramidal signs, psychosis, or myoclonus in the course of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 1141–43.Google Scholar
122 Schneider, LS, Pollock, VE, Lyness, SA. A metaanalysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 553–63.Google Scholar
123 Zubenko, GS, Moossy, J, Martinez, AJ et al. Neuropathologic and neurochemical correlates of psychosis in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 619–24.Google Scholar
124 Birkett, DP. The psychiatric differentiation of senility and arteriosclerosis. Br J Psychiatry 1972; 120: 321–25.Google Scholar
125 Rabins, PV, Mace, NL, Lucas, MJ. The impact of dementia on the family. JAMA 1982; 248: 333–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126 Margo, JL, Robinson, JR, Corea, S. Referrals to a psychiatric service from old people's homes. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 396–401.Google Scholar
127 Steele, C, Rovner, BW, Chase, GA, Folstein, MF. Psychiatric symptoms and nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1049–51.Google ScholarPubMed
128 Everitt, DE, Fields, DR, Soumerai, SS, Avorn, J. Resident behavior and staff distress in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 792–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129 Cariaga, J, Burgio, L, Flynn, W, Martin, D. A controlled study of disruptive vocalizations among geriatric residents in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 501–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130 Shah, AK. Aggressive behavour among patients referred to a psychogeriatric service. Med Sci Law 1993; 33: 144–50.Google Scholar
131 Fairburn, CG, Hope, RA. Changes in behaviour in dementia: a neglected research area. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 406–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132 Hope, RA. Patel, V. Assessment of behavioural phenomena in dementia. In: Burns, A ed. Ageing and dementia: a methodological approach. London: Edward Arnold, 1993: 221–236.Google Scholar
133 Hope, RA, Fairburn, CG. The Present Behavioural Examination (PBE): the development of an interview to measure current behavioural abnormalities. Psychol Med 1992; 22: 223–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134 Patel, V, Hope, RA. Aggressive behaviour in elderly psychiatric inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85: 131–35.Google Scholar
135 Malone, ML, Thompson, L, Goodwin, JS. Aggressive behaviors among the institutionalized elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 853–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136 Tune, LE, Steele, C, Cooper, T. Neuroleptic drugs in the management of behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Psych Clin North Am 1991; 14: 353–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137 Teri, L, Borson, S, Kiyak, HA, Yamagishi, M. Behavioral disturbance, cognitive dysfunction, and functional skill. Prevalence and relationship in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 109–16.Google Scholar
138 Swearer, JM, Drachman, DA, O'Donnell, BF, Mitchell, AL. Troublesome and disruptive behaviors in dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 784–90.Google Scholar
139 Ryden, MB. Aggressive behavior in persons with dementia who live in the community. Alzheimer's Dis Assoc Disord 1988; 2(4): 342–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140 Kluver, H, Bucy, P. ‘Psychic blindness’ and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol 1937; 119: 352.Google Scholar
141 Lishman, WA ed. Organic psychiatry. The psychological consequences of cerebral disorder, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987: 392.Google Scholar
142 Cummings, JL, Duchen, LW. Kluver-Bucy syndrome in Pick's disease: clinical and pathologic correlations. Neurology 1981; 31: 1415–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143 Hope, RA, Fairburn, CG. The nature of wandering in dementia: a community-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1990; 5: 239–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
144 Rubin, EH, Morris, JC, Berg, L. The progression of personality changes in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 721–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145 Baumgarten, M, Becker, R, Gauthier, S. Validity and reliability of the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 221–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
146 Hope, RA, Fairburn, CG, Goodwin, GM. Increased eating in dementia. Int J Eating Dis 1989; 8: 111–15.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
147 Sanford, JRA. Tolerance of debility in elderly dependants by supports at home: its significance for hospital practice. Br Med J 1975; 3: 471–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
148 Satlin, A, Volicer, L, Ross, V, Herz, L, Campbell, S. Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1028–32.Google ScholarPubMed
149 Okawa, M, Mishima, K, Shimizu, T et al. Sleep-waking rhythm disorders and their phototherapy in elderly patients with dementia. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 43: 293–95.Google Scholar
150 Rubin, EH, Morris, JC, Storandt, M, Berg, L. Behavioral changes in patients with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Psychiatry Res 1987; 21: 55–62.Google Scholar
151 Lawlor, BA, Radcliffe, J, Molechan, SE, Martinez, RA, Hill, JL, Sunderland, T. A pilot placebo-controlled study of trazodone and buspirone in Alzheimer disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 55–61.Google Scholar
152 Lebert, F, Pasquier, F, Petit, H. Behavioural effects of fluoxetine in dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 590–91.Google Scholar
153 Rapp, MS, Flint, AJ, Herrmann, N, Proulx, G. Behavioural disturbances in the demented elderly: phenomenology, pharmacotherapy and behavioural menagement. Can J Psychiatry 1992; 37: 651–57.Google Scholar
154 Burns, A. Treatment of non-cognitive features of dementia. In: Levy, R, Howard, R, Burns, A eds. Treatment and care in old age psychiatry. Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, 1993: 47–57.Google Scholar
155 Morishita, L. Wandering behaviour. In: Cummings, J, Miller, B eds. Alzheimer's disease – treatment and long term management. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1990: 155–76.Google Scholar