Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T09:31:49.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evidence of diagnostic specificity in the neural correlates of facial affect processing in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional imaging studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2012

G. Delvecchio ,
G. Sugranyes  and
S. Frangou
G. Delvecchio
Affiliation:
Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
G. Sugranyes
Affiliation:
Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
S. Frangou*
Affiliation:
Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr S. Frangou, Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) may overlap in etiology and phenomenology but differ with regard to emotional processing. We used facial affect as a probe for emotional processing to determine whether there are diagnosis-related differences between SZ and BD in the function of the underlying neural circuitry.

Method

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies published up to 30 April 2012 investigating facial affect processing in patients with SZ or BD were identified through computerized and manual literature searches. Activation foci from 29 studies encompassing 483 healthy individuals, 268 patients with SZ and 267 patients with BD were subjected to voxel-based quantitative meta-analysis using activation likelihood estimation (ALE).

Results

Compared to healthy individuals, when emotional facial stimuli were contrasted to neutral stimuli, patients with BD showed overactivation within the parahippocampus/amygdala and thalamus and reduced engagement within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) whereas patients with SZ showed underactivation throughout the entire facial affect processing network and increased activation in visual processing regions within the cuneus. Patients with BD showed greater thalamic engagement compared to patients with SZ; in the reverse comparison, patients with SZ showed greater engagement in posterior associative visual cortices.

Conclusions

During facial affect processing, patients with BD show overactivation in subcortical regions and underactivation in prefrontal regions of the facial affect processing network, consistent with the notion of reduced emotional regulation. By contrast, overactivation within visual processing regions coupled with reduced engagement of facial affect processing regions points to abnormal visual integration as the core underlying deficit in SZ.

Keywords

Amygdalacuneusfacial affectpsychosisvisual processing
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , March 2013 , pp. 553 - 569
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adolphs, R (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12, 169–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adolphs, R, Damasio, H, Tranel, D, Damasio, AR (1996). Cortical systems for the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 7678–7687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aleman, A, Kahn, RS (2005). Strange feelings: do amygdala abnormalities dysregulate the emotional brain in schizophrenia? Progress in Neurobiology 77, 283–298.Google ScholarPubMed
Almeida, JR, Versace, A, Hassel, S, Kupfer, DJ, Phillips, ML (2010). Elevated amygdala activity to sad facial expressions: a state marker of bipolar but not unipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry 67, 414–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altshuler, L, Bookheimer, S, Proenza, MA, Townsend, J, Sabb, F, Firestine, A, Bartzokis, G, Mintz, J, Mazziotta, J, Cohen, MS (2005). Increased amygdala activation during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1211–1213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altshuler, L, Bookheimer, S, Townsend, J, Proenza, MA, Sabb, F, Mintz, J, Cohen, MS (2008). Regional brain changes in bipolar I depression: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Bipolar Disorders 10, 708–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amodio, DM, Frith, CD (2006). Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, 268–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anticevic, A, Van Snellenberg, JX, Cohen, RE, Repovs, G, Dowd, EC, Barch, DM (2012). Amygdala recruitment in schizophrenia in response to aversive emotional material: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 608–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 4th edn.American Psychiatric Publishing: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Armstrong, E (1990). Limbic thalamus: anterior and mediodorsal nuclei. In The Human Nervous System (ed. Paxinos, G.), pp. 469–480. Academic Press: Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bermpohl, F, Dalanay, U, Kahnt, T, Sajonz, B, Heimann, H, Ricken, R, Stoy, M, Hägele, C, Schlagenhauf, F, Adli, M, Wrase, J, Ströhle, A, Heinz, A, Bauer, M (2009). A preliminary study of increased amygdala activation to positive affective stimuli in mania. Bipolar Disorders 11, 70–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berthoz, S, Armony, JL, Blair, RJ, Dolan, RJ (2002). An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms. Brain 125, 1696–1708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bezchlibnyk-Butler, KZ, Jeffries, JJ (eds) (2000). Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers: Seattle.Google Scholar
Bleuler, E (1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. International Universities Press: New York.Google Scholar
Blumberg, HP, Donegan, NH, Sanislow, CA, Collins, S, Lacadie, C, Skudlarski, P, Gueorguieva, R, Fulbright, RK, McGlashan, TH, Gore, JC, Krystal, JH (2005). Preliminary evidence for medication effects on functional abnormalities in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 183, 308–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, PD, Silverstein, SM, Dakin, SC (2008). Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 64, 40–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabral-Calderin, Y, Mendoza-Quiñones, R, Garcia, A, Caballero, A, Domínguez, M, Reyes, MM (2010). Effect of quetiapine treatment on facial emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research 119, 275–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, WT, Strauss, JS, Bartko, JJ (1973). A flexible system for the identification of schizophrenia: a report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia. Science 182, 1275–1278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, L, Iacoboni, M, Dubeau, MC, Mazziotta, JC, Lenzi, GL (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 5497–5502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, CH, Lennox, B, Jacob, R, Calder, A, Lupson, V, Bisbrown-Chippendale, R, Suckling, J, Bullmore, E (2006). Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed states of bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 59, 31–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, CH, Suckling, J, Lennox, BR, Ooi, C, Bullmore, ET (2011). A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 13, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y, Norton, D, McBain, R, Ongur, D, Heckers, S (2009). Visual and cognitive processing of face information in schizophrenia: detection, discrimination and working memory. Schizophrenia Research 107, 92–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Critchley, HD (2005). Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. Journal of Comparative Neurology 493, 154–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Critchley, HD, Rotshtein, P, Nagai, Y, O'Doherty, J, Mathias, CJ, Dolan, RJ (2005). Activity in the human brain predicting differential heart rate responses to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage 24, 751–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, P, Kemp, AH, Flynn, G, Harris, AW, Liddell, BJ (2007). Functional disconnections in the direct and indirect amygdala pathways for fear processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 90, 284–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delvecchio, G, Fossati, P, Boyer, P, Brambilla, P, Falkai, P, Gruber, O, Hietala, J, Lawrie, SM, Martinot, JL, McIntosh, AM, Meisenzahl, E, Frangou, S (2012). Common and distinct neural correlates of emotional processing in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology 22, 100–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desimone, R, Wessinger, M, Thomas, L, Schneider, W (1990). Attentional control of visual perception: cortical and subcortical mechanisms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 55, 963–971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dima, D, Stephan, KE, Roiser, JP, Friston, KJ, Frangou, S (2011). Effective connectivity during processing of facial affect: evidence for multiple parallel pathways. Journal of Neuroscience 31, 14378–14385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowd, EC, Barch, DM (2010). Anhedonia and emotional experience in schizophrenia: neural and behavioral indicators. Biological Psychiatry 67, 902–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison-Wright, I, Bullmore, E (2010). Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 117, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etkin, A, Egner, T, Kalisch, R (2011). Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, 85–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairhall, SL, Ishai, A (2007). Effective connectivity within the distributed cortical network for face perception. Cerebral Cortex 17, 2400–2406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fakra, E, Salgado-Pineda, P, Delaveau, P, Hariri, AR, Blin, O (2008). Neural bases of different cognitive strategies for facial affect processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 100, 191–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farkas, T, Wolf, AP, Jaeger, J, Brodie, JD, Christman, DR, Fowler, JS (1984). Regional brain glucose metabolism in chronic schizophrenia. A positron emission transaxial tomographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 293–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrer, C, Franck, N, Georgieff, N, Frith, CD, Decety, J, Jeannerod, M (2003). Modulating the experience of agency: a positron emission tomography study. NeuroImage 18, 324–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, BA, Carpenter, Jr. WT (2009). Will the Kraepelinian dichotomy survive DSM-V? Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 2081–2087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foland, LC, Altshuler, LL, Bookheimer, SY, Eisenberger, N, Townsend, J, Thompson, PM (2008). Evidence for deficient modulation of amygdala response by prefrontal cortex in bipolar mania. Psychiatry Research 162, 27–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foland-Ross, LC, Bookheimer, SY, Lieberman, MD, Sugar, CA, Townsend, JD, Fischer, J, Torrisi, S, Penfold, C, Madsen, SK, Thompson, PM, Altshuler, LL (2012). Normal amygdala activation but deficient ventrolateral prefrontal activation in adults with bipolar disorder during euthymia. NeuroImage 59, 738–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P, Placentino, A, Carletti, F, Landi, P, Allen, P, Surguladze, S, Benedetti, F, Abbamonte, M, Gasparotti, R, Barale, F, Perez, J, McGuire, P, Politi, P (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 34, 418–432.Google ScholarPubMed
Gerdes, AB, Wieser, MJ, Muhlberger, A, Weyers, P, Alpers, GW, Plichta, MM, Breuer, F, Pauli, P (2010). Brain activations to emotional pictures are differentially associated with valence and arousal ratings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, MF, Lee, J, Wynn, JK, Mathis, KI (2011). Visual masking in schizophrenia: overview and theoretical implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 700–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Keshavan, MS, Lawrie, SM (2007 a). Deconstructing psychosis with human brain imaging. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 921–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Loughead, J, Kohler, CG, Elliott, MA, Lesko, K, Ruparel, K, Wolf, DH, Bilker, WB, Gur, RC (2007 b). Limbic activation associated with misidentification of fearful faces and flat affect in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 1356–1366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, McGrath, C, Chan, R, Schroeder, L, Turner, T, Turetsky, B, Kohler, C, Alsop, D, Maldjian, J, Ragland, JD, Gur, RC (2002). An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1992–1999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habel, U, Chechko, N, Pauly, K, Koch, K, Backes, V, Seiferth, N, Shah, NJ, Stöcker, T, Schneider, F, Kellermann, T (2010). Neural correlates of emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 122, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J, Whalley, HC, McKirdy, JW, Romaniuk, L, McGonigle, D, McIntosh, AM, Baig, BJ, Gountouna, VE, Job, DE, Donaldson, DI, Sprengelmeyer, R, Young, AW, Johnstone, EC, Lawrie, SM (2008). Overactivation of fear systems to neutral faces in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 64, 70–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 23, 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassel, S, Almeida, JR, Kerr, N, Nau, S, Ladouceur, CD, Fissell, K, Kupfer, DJ, Phillips, ML (2008). Elevated striatal and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity in response to emotional stimuli in euthymic bipolar disorder: no associations with psychotropic medication load. Bipolar Disorders 10, 916–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haxby, JV, Hoffman, EA, Gobbini, MI (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry 51, 59–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hempel, A, Hempel, E, Schönknecht, P, Stippich, C, Schröder, J (2003). Impairment in basal limbic function in schizophrenia during affect recognition. Psychiatry Research 122, 115–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, DJ, Kunkel, L, Weiss, AP, Goff, DC, Wright, CI, Shin, LM, Rauch, SL, Hootnick, J, Heckers, S (2006). Increased medial temporal lobe activation during the passive viewing of emotional and neutral facial expressions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 82, 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulvershorn, LA, Karne, H, Gunn, AD, Hartwick, SL, Wang, Y, Hummer, TA, Anand, A (2012). Neural activation during facial emotion processing in unmedicated bipolar depression, euthymia, and mania. Biological Psychiatry 71, 603–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iaria, G, Robbins, S, Petrides, M (2008). Three-dimensional probabilistic maps of the occipital sulci of the human brain in standardized stereotaxic space. Neuroscience 151, 174–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Schizophrenia, Consortium, Purcell, SM, Wray, NR, Stone, JL, Visscher, PM, O'Donovan, MC, Sullivan, PF, Sklar, P (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460, 748–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jogia, J, Haldane, M, Cobb, A, Kumari, V, Frangou, S (2008). Pilot investigation of the changes in cortical activation during facial affect recognition with lamotrigine monotherapy in bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, S (2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 13–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, SR, Fiszbein, A, Opler, LA (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killgore, WD, Gruber, SA, Yurgelun-Todd, DA (2008). Abnormal corticostriatal activity during fear perception in bipolar disorder. NeuroReport 19, 1523–1527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosaka, H, Omori, M, Murata, T, Iidaka, T, Yamada, H, Okada, T, Takahashi, T, Sadato, N, Itoh, H, Yonekura, Y, Wada, Y (2002). Differential amygdala response during facial recognition in patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 57, 87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E (1971). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Krieger: New York.Google Scholar
Kumar, CT, Christodoulou, T, Vyas, NS, Kyriakopoulos, M, Corrigall, R, Reichenberg, A, Frangou, S (2010). Deficits in visual sustained attention differentiate genetic liability and disease expression for schizophrenia from bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 124, 152–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lachaux, JP, George, N, Tallon-Baudry, C, Martinerie, J, Hugueville, L, Minottic, L, Kahanec, P, Renault, B (2005). The many faces of the gamma band response to complex visual stimuli. NeuroImage 25, 491–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laird, AR, Fox, PM, Price, CJ, Glahn, DC, Uecker, AM, Lancaster, JL, Turkeltaub, PE, Kochunov, P, Fox, PT (2005). ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts. Human Brain Mapping 25, 155–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, NS, Williams, AM, Surguladze, S, Giampietro, V, Brammer, MJ, Andrew, C, Frangou, S, Ecker, C, Phillips, ML (2004). Subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical neural responses to facial expressions distinguish patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Biological Psychiatry 55, 578–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrie, SM, Hall, J, McIntosh, AM, Owens, DG, Johnstone, EC (2010). The ‘continuum of psychosis’: scientifically unproven and clinically impractical. British Journal of Psychiatry 197, 423–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeDoux, J (1995). Emotion: clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology 46, 209–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lennox, BR, Jacob, R, Calder, AJ, Lupson, V, Bullmore, ET (2004). Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania. Psychological Medicine 34, 795–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepage, M, Sergerie, K, Benoit, A, Czechowska, Y, Dickie, E, Armony, JL (2011). Emotional face processing and flat affect in schizophrenia: functional and structural neural correlates. Psychological Medicine 41, 1833–1844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, HJ, Chan, RC, Gong, QY, Liu, Y, Liu, SM, Shum, D, Ma, ZL (2012). Facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic siblings: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Schizophrenia Research 134, 143–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, H, Chan, RC, McAlonan, GM, Gong, QY (2010). Facial emotion processing in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 1029–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, P, Yip, BH, Bjork, C, Pawitan, Y, Cannon, TD, Sullivan, PF, Hultman, CM (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373, 234–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malhi, GS, Lagopoulos, J, Sachdev, PS, Ivanovski, B, Shnier, R, Ketter, T (2007). Is a lack of disgust something to fear? A functional magnetic resonance imaging facial emotion recognition study in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disorders 9, 345–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalopoulou, PG, Surguladze, S, Morley, LA, Giampietro, VP, Murray, RM, Shergill, SS (2008). Facial fear processing and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: functional magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 191–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, FC, Nimmo-Smith, I, Lawrence, AD (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 3, 207–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ochsner, KN, Gross, JJ (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, 242–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuluri, MN, Passarotti, A (2008). Neural bases of emotional processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 8, 1381–1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pessoa, L, Adolphs, R (2010). Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a ‘low road’ to ‘many roads’ of evaluating biological significance. Nature Neuroscience 11, 773–783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phan, KL, Wager, T, Taylor, ST, Liberzon, I (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage 16, 331–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, ML, Drevets, WC, Rauch, SL, Lane, R (2003). Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry 54, 504–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, ML, Travis, MJ, Fagiolini, A, Kupfer, DJ (2008). Medication effects in neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 313–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinkham, AE, Gur, RE, Gur, RC (2007). Affect recognition deficits in schizophrenia: neural substrates and psychopharmacological implications. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7, 807–816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizzagalli, D, Regard, M, Lehmann, D (1999). Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: an ERP study. NeuroReport 10, 2691–2698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizzagalli, DA, Lehmann, D, Hendrick, AM, Regard, M, Pascual-Marqui, RD, Davidson, RJ (2002). Affective judgments of faces modulate early activity (∼160 ms) within the fusiform gyri. NeuroImage 16, 663–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quirk, GJ, Beer, JS (2006). Prefrontal involvement in the regulation of emotion: convergence of rat and human studies. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16, 723–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauch, AV, Reker, M, Ohrmann, P, Pedersen, A, Bauer, J, Dannlowski, U, Harding, L, Koelkebeck, K, Konrad, C, Kugel, H, Arolt, V, Heindel, W, Suslow, T (2010). Increased amygdala activation during automatic processing of facial emotion in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 182, 200–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reske, M, Habel, U, Kellermann, T, Backes, V, Jon Shah, N, von Wilmsdorff, M, Gaebel, W, Zilles, K, Schneider, F (2009). Differential brain activation during facial emotion discrimination in first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 43, 592–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, A, Mier, D, Kirsch, P, Meyer-Lindenberg, A (2010). Evidence for a general face salience signal in human amygdala. NeuroImage 54, 3111–3116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiferth, NY, Pauly, K, Kellermann, T, Shah, NJ, Ott, G (2009). Neuronal correlates of facial emotion discrimination in early onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 477–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sergent, J, Ohta, S, MacDonald, B (1992). Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study. Brain 115, 15–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spreng, RN, Mar, RA, Kim, AS (2009). The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: a quantitative meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, 489–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strakowski, SM, Delbello, MP, Adler, CM (2005). The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings. Molecular Psychiatry 10, 105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugranyes, G, Kyriakopoulos, M, Corrigall, R, Taylor, E, Frangou, S (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social cognition. PLoS ONE 6, e25322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surguladze, S, Russell, T, Kucharska-Pietura, K, Travis, MJ, Giampietro, V, David, AS, Phillips, ML (2006). A reversal of the normal pattern of parahippocampal response to neutral and fearful faces is associated with reality distortion in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 60, 423–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taber, KH, Wen, C, Khan, A, Hurley, RA (2004). The limbic thalamus. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 16, 127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talairach, J, Tournoux, P (1988). Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. Thieme: New York.Google Scholar
Taylor, SF, Kang, J, Brege, IS, Tso, IF, Hosanagar, A, Johnson, TD (2012). Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of emotion perception and experience in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 71, 136–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuchiya, N, Kawasaki, H, Oya, H, Howard, MA 3rd, Adolphs, R (2008). Decoding face information in time, frequency and space from direct intracranial recordings of the human brain. PLoS ONE 3, e3892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanni, S, Tanskanen, T, Seppä, M, Uutela, K, Hari, R (2001). Coinciding early activation of the human primary visual cortex and anteromedial cuneus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 2776–2780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Snellenberg, JX, Torres, IJ, Thornton, AE (2006). Functional neuroimaging of working memory in schizophrenia: task performance as a moderating variable. Neuropsychology 20, 497–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vuilleumier, P, Pourtois, G (2007). Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 45, 174–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vytal, K, Hammann, S (2010). Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions: a voxel-based meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, 2864–2885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walton, ME, Behrens, TE, Noonan, MP, Rushworth, MF (2011). Giving credit where credit is due: orbitofrontal cortex and valuation in an uncertain world. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1239, 14–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO (2004). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health-Related Problems. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Williams, LM, Das, P, Liddell, BJ, Olivieri, G, Peduto, AS, David, AS, Gordon, E, Harris, AW (2007). Fronto-limbic and autonomic disjunctions to negative emotion distinguish schizophrenia subtypes. Psychiatry Research 155, 29–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, RC, Biggs, JT, Ziegler, VE, Meyer, DA (1978). A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry 133, 429–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, K, Cheung, C, Leung, M, Li, Q, Chua, S, McAlonan, G (2010). Are bipolar disorder and schizophrenia neuroanatomically distinct? An anatomical likelihood meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed