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Remarks by Charles C. Jalloh

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2021

Charles C. Jalloh
Charles C. Jalloh*
Affiliation:
Professor of Law, Florida International University and Member, International Law Commission. Views expressed are personal.
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Extract

As a preliminary remark, our starting point must be to recognize that, up until now, international criminal law has relied on what M.C. Bassiouni called “direct enforcement” by international criminal courts and “indirect enforcement” by national courts. The middle ground between the two extremes has been the use of “hybrid” courts such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). The SCSL married the domestic with the international, in an effort to combine the best of the international and national in order to advance accountability for serious international crimes.

Type
The ICC and Beyond: Re-Evaluating the Promise of International Criminal Justice
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 114 , 2020 , pp. 210 - 215
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The American Society of International Law.

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References

1 M. Cherif Bassiouni, Introduction to International Criminal Law 25 (2d ed. 2013).

2 For a discussion of the presumed benefits of such courts, see Laura A. Dickinson, The Promise of Hybrid Courts, 97 AJIL 295 (2003); Internationalized Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo, and Cambodia (Cesare Romano, André Nollkaemper & Jann Kleffner eds., 2004); Sarah Williams, Hybrid and Internationalised Criminal Tribunals: Selected Jurisdictional Issues (2012).

3 The Sierra Leone Special Court and Its Legacy: The Impact for Africa and International Criminal Law (Charles Jalloh ed., 2014); Charles C. Jalloh, The Legal Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (2020).

4 UN Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc A/Conf.183/9 (July 17, 1998).

5 Charles C. Jalloh, The Nature of the Crimes in the African Criminal Court, 15 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 799 (2017).

6 See Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union, Twenty-Third Ordinary Session, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (June 27, 2014).

7 See, for an elaboration of this argument, Charles Jalloh, The Place of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights in the Prosecution of Serious Crimes in Africa, in The African Court of Justice and Human and People's Rights in Context: Development and Challenges 58 (Charles Jalloh, et al. eds., 2019).

8 UN Charter, Arts. 52–54.

9 Id. Art. 52, para. 3.

10 SC Res. 1509 (Sept. 19, 2003).

11 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Art 2, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 UNTS 187.

12 Id. at 154.

13 Id. Art. XXIV.

14 Id., Annex 1B General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Art. 5.

15 World Trade Organization, Members and Observers, at https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm.

16 GA Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948).

17 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 993 UNTS 3.

18 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 UNTS 171.

19 Id. Art. 28.

20 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, June 27, 1981, 1520 UNTS 217; Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Apr. 11, 1950, 213 UNTS 221; American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San José, Costa Rica,” Nov. 22, 1969, 1144 UNTS 123.

21 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, June 10, 1998, available at https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36393-treaty-0019_-_protocol_to_the_african_charter_on_human_and_peoplesrights_on_the_establishment_of_an_african_court_on_human_and_peoples_rights_e.pdf.

22 The African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights in Context: Development and Challenges, supra note 7.

23 Joanna Kyriakakis, Article 46C, in The African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights in Context: Development and Challenges, supra note 7.

24 See Secretariat of the Assembly of States Parties, Informal Compilation of Proposals to Amend the Rome Statute, at 9–11 (Jan. 23, 2015).

25 Int'l Crim. Ct. Assembly of States Parties, Report on the Working Group on Amendments, UN Doc. ICC-ASP/13/31 (Dec. 7, 2014); Charles C. Jalloh, Reflections on the Indictment of Sitting Heads of State and Government and Its Consequences for Peace and Stability and Reconciliation in Africa, 7 Afr. J. Legal Stud. 43 (2014).