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Contracting for Conservation in the Central Pacific: An Overview of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Peter Shelley
Peter Shelley*
Affiliation:
Conservation Law Foundation
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Abstract

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Type
Global Environmental Protection and Transnational Conservation Contracts
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 106 , 2012 , pp. 511 - 516
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2012

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References

1 K. R. Uwate, Valuation of the Phoenix Islands Marine and Fisheries Resource (Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development, Government of Kiribati, Bikenibeu, Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati. Pipa Technical Report No. 3) 124 & xv (2008).

2 The Explanatory Memorandum from the PIPA Conservation Trust Act is provided at the conclusion of these remarks.

3 Tuna are highly pelagic and range widely across the Pacific Ocean. The course of these migrations, particularly to the waters around Pipa, is significantly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. During some years less than 4% of the total harvest comes from Pipa waters; unusual years can increase that to 43% of the total harvest; the average is about 16%. These calculations are further challenged by the government’s understandable interest in not compromising its negotiating position with the DWFN boats; empirical tuna landings data are very valuable and highly confidential. As a result, The parties will be exploring both a dynamic, real-time approach to estimating opportunity costs of tuna closures, as well as some form of an averaged number based on historical landings.

4 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1325.

5 The memorandum can also be found at http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/num_act/pipacta2009530.rtf.