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1982 UNCLOS +30: Confronting New Complexities in the Protection of Biodiversity and Marine Living Resources in the High Seas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Nilufer Oral
Nilufer Oral*
Affiliation:
Center for Marine Law Research at Istanbul Bilgi University
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Abstract

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Type
UNCLOS Anniversary: What Are the Challenges?
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 106 , 2012 , pp. 403 - 406
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2012

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References

1 Hardin, Garrett, The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 Science 1243–48 (1968)Google Scholar.

2 Seamounts are underwater mountains that rise from the seafloor and provide important habitat for biodiversity. There are an estimated 200,000 seamounts globally. See http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/marine_our_work/marine_governance/seamounts/about_/seamounts/.

3 1833 U.N.T.S. 3 (Dec. 10, 1982) (1982 Losc). See also 3 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary (Satya N. Nandán & Shabtai Rosenne eds., 1995).

4 Fish stocks that are found only in the high seas. See Molenaar, Erik J., Addressing Regulatory Gaps in High Seas Fisheries, 20 Int’l J. Mar. & Coastal L. 553 (2005)Google Scholar.

5 LOSC. arts. 116-20.

6 Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature June 5, 1992, 1760 U.N.T.S. 79, 31 I.L.M. 841 (1992) (entered into force Dec. 29, 1993) [hereinafter CBD].

7 LOSC, art. 194.

8 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, opened for signature Nov. 13, 1972, 1046 U.N.T.S. 120, as amended by the 1996 Protocol, Nov. 7, 1996, reprinted in 36 I.L.M. 1 (1997).

9 Zemanek, Karl, New Trends in the Enforcement of ERGA Omnes Obligations, 4 Max Planck U.N.Y.B. 1–52 (2000)Google Scholar.

10 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, opened for signature Dec. 4, 1995, 2167 U.N.T.S 3 (2003) (entered into force Dec. 11, 2001).

11 G.A. Res. 59/24, U.N. Doc. A/RES/59/24 (Feb. 4, 2005).

12 G.A. Res. 66/231, U.N. Doc. A/RES/66/231 (Apr. 5, 2012), Annex, para, (a), at 40.

13 Id.

14 U.N. Conference on Sustainable Development, The Future weWant, para. 80. See http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/content/documents/370The%20Future%20We%20Want%2010Jan%20clean.pdf.