Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:22:00.383Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Machiavelli in Paradise: How Reading Dante and Ovid Shaped The Prince

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2020

Abstract

This article argues that Machiavelli's description of reading Dante and Ovid, in his letter to Francesco Vettori of 10 December 1513, illuminates some of the most surprising and scandalous sections of The Prince. Beginning with Machiavelli's quotation of Paradiso 5 in the letter to Vettori, this study investigates how Machiavelli uses the literary works of Dante and Ovid to craft several of his most distinctive arguments on the problem of vows, value of violence, and legitimacy of deception. It argues that the reading of these literary works constitutes a crucial, but often overlooked, component of intellectual history.

Type
Special Topic: Cultures of Reading
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae: Latin Text and English Translation, Introductions, Notes, Appendices and Glossaries. Cambridge UP, 2006. 60 vols.Google Scholar
Ascoli, Albert Russell. A Local Habitation and a Name: Imagining Histories in the Italian Renaissance. Fordham UP, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ascoli, Albert Russell, and Capodivacca, Angela Matilde. “Machiavelli and Poetry”. The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli, edited by Najemy, John M., Cambridge UP, 2010, pp. 190205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ascoli, Albert Russell, and Kahn, Victoria. Introduction. Ascoli and Kahn, Machiavelli, pp. 115.Google Scholar
Ascoli, Albert Russell, and Kahn, Victoria, editors. Machiavelli and the Discourse of Literature. Cornell UP, 1993.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Erich. Literary Language and Its Public in Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages. translated by Manheim, Ralph, Princeton UP, 1993.Google Scholar
Bacon, Francis. The Advancement of Learning. Edited by Kiernan, Michael, Clarendon Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Bárberi Squarotti, Giorgio. Machiavelli o la scelta della letteratura. Bulzoni, 1987.Google Scholar
Barolini, Teodolinda. Dante and the Origins of Italian Literary Culture. Fordham UP, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barolini, Teodolinda. “The Self in the Labyrinth of Time: Rerum Vulgarium Fragmenta. Petrarch: A Critical Guide to the Complete Works, edited by Kirkham, Victoria and Maggi, Armando, U of Chicago P, 2009, pp. 3362.Google Scholar
Baron, Hans. “Machiavelli: The Republican Citizen and the Author of The Prince!' The English Historical Review, vol. 76, no. 299, 1961, pp. 217–53.Google Scholar
Bausi, Francesco. “Politica e poesia: Ancora sulla cultura di Machiavelli”. Intersezioni, vol. 22, no. 3, 2002, pp. 377–94.Google Scholar
Beckett, Samuel. “Dante and the Lobster”. More Pricks Than Kicks, Calder, 1993, pp. 921.Google Scholar
Black, Robert. Machiavelli. Routledge, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boccaccio, Giovanni. Decameron. Edited by Vittore Branca, Einaudi, 1992. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Brown, Alison. The Return of Lucretius to Renaissance Florence. Harvard UP, 2010.Google Scholar
Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. U of California P, 1950.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher S. Machiavelli: A Portrait. Harvard UP, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabod, Federico. “Sulla composizione de Il Principe di Niccolò Machiavelli”. Archivum romanicum, no. 11, 1927, pp. 330–83.Google Scholar
Cicero, . De officiis. translated by Miller, Walter, Harvard UP, 1913.Google Scholar
Colish, Marcia L. “Cicero's De officiis and Machiavelli's Prince!' The Sixteenth Century Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, 1978, pp. 8193.Google Scholar
Connell, William J.“New Light on Machiavelli's Letter to Vettori, 10 December 1513”. Europe and Italy: Studies in Honour of Giorgio Chittolini, edited by Gugliemotti, Paola et al., Firenze UP, 2011, pp. 93127.Google Scholar
Cox, Virginia. “Machiavelli and the Rhetorica ad Heren-nium: Deliberative Rhetoric in The Prince!' The Sixteenth Century Journal, vol. 28, no. 4, 1997, pp. 1109–41.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata. Edited by Petrocchi, Giorgio, Mondadori, 1966.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. Convivio. Edited by Vasoli, Cesare and Robertis, Domenico De, Ricciardi, 1995.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. Edited by Durling, Robert M. and Martinez, Ronald L., translated by Durling, Oxford UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. Monarchia. edited and translated by Shaw, Prue, Cambridge UP, 1995.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. Paradiso. Edited by Durling, Robert M. and Martinez, Ronald L., translated by Durling, Oxford UP, 2011.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. Purgatorio. Edited by Durling, Robert M. and Martinez, Ronald L., translated by Durling, Oxford UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Davenport, Guy. The Geography of the Imagination: Forty Essays. David R. Godine, 2005.Google Scholar
Drinkwater, Megan O.“Militia Amoris”. The Cambridge Companion to Latin Love Elegy, edited by Thorsen, Thea S., Cambridge UP, 2013, pp. 194206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durling, Robert M. “Ovid as Praeceptor Amoris”. The Classical Journal, vol. 53, no. 4, 1958, pp. 157–67.Google Scholar
Eco, Umberto. The Aesthetics of Chaosmos: The Middle Ages of James Joyce. Harvard UP, 1989.Google Scholar
Esposito, Roberto. Living Thought: The Origins and Actuality of Italian Philosophy. translated by Hanafi, Zakiya, Stanford UP, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferroni, Giulio. “Le ‘cose vane’ nelle lettere di Machiavelli”. Rassegna della letteratura italiana, vol. 76, nos. 2–3, 1972, pp. 215–64.Google Scholar
Ficino, Marsilio. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Translated by members of the language department of the School of Economic Science in London, vol. 1, Shepheard-Walwyn, 1975.Google Scholar
Freccero, John. “Medusa and the Madonna of Forlì: Political Sexuality in Machiavelli.” Ascoli and Kahn, Machiavelli, pp. 161–78.Google Scholar
Fyler, John M. “Omnia Vincit Amor: Incongruity and the Limitations of Structure in Ovid's Elegiac Poetry”. The Classical Journal, vol. 66, no. 3, 1971, pp. 196203.Google Scholar
Gibson, Roy, et al., editors. The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars amatoria and Remedia amoris. Oxford UP, 2006.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Allan H. Machiavelli's Prince and Its Forerunners: he Prince as a Typical Book de Regimine Principum. Duke UP, 1938.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, Warren. “Ovidius Ethicus? Ovid and the Medieval Commentary Tradition”. Desiring Discourse: The Literature of Love, Ovid through Chaucer, edited by Paxson, James J. and Gravlee, Cynthia A., Susquehanna UP, 1998, pp. 6271.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Diventare Machiavelli: Per una nuova lettura dei Ghiribizzi al Soderini”. Quaderni storici, vol. 41, no. 121, 2006, pp. 151–64.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Intricate Readings: Machiavelli, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas”. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol. 78, no. 1, Dec. 2015, pp. 157–72.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Machiavelli, l'eccezione e la regola”. Quaderni storici, vol. 38, no. 112, 2003, pp. 195213.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Machiavelli, the Exception and the Rule: Notes from Research in Progress”. Renaissance Letters and Learning: In Memoriam Giovanni Aquilecchia, edited by Knox, Dilwyn and Ordine, Nuccio, Warburg Institute, 2012, pp. 7391.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Pontano, Machiavelli and Prudence: Some Further Reflections”. From Florence to the Mediterranean and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Anthony Molho, edited by Curto, Diogo Ramada et al., Olschki, 2009, pp. 117–25.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “he Humanist as Reader”. A History of Reading in the West, edited by Cavallo, Guglielmo and Chartier, Roger, U of Massachusetts P, 1999, pp. 179212.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. “he Modern Prince: Essays on the Science of Politics in the Modern Age”. The Modern Prince and Other Writings, Lawrence and Wishart, 1957, pp. 135–88.Google Scholar
Grazia, Sebastian de. Machiavelli in Hell. Princeton UP, 1989.Google Scholar
Hankins, James. “Machiavelli, Civic Humanism, and the Humanist Politics of Virtue”. Italian Culture, vol. 32, no. 2, 2014, pp. 98109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hexter, J.H. The Vision of Politics on the Eve of the Reformation: More, Machiavelli, and Seyssel. Basic Books, 1973.Google Scholar
Hollis, A.S. Introduction. Ovid, Ars, pp. xi-xxii.Google Scholar
Hornqvist, Mikael. Machiavelli and Empire. Cambridge UP, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulliung, Mark. Citizen Machiavelli. Princeton UP, 1983.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Norman. Pride and Solace: The Functions and Limits of Political Theory. Methuen Publishing, 1986.Google Scholar
Joly, Maurice. The Dialogue in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. 1864. Lexington Books, 2002.Google Scholar
Joyce, James. Stephen Hero. New Directions, 1944.Google Scholar
Joyce, James. Ulysses. Penguin Books, 1960.Google Scholar
Kahn, Victoria. The Future of Illusion: Political Theology and Early Modern Texts. U of Chicago P, 2014.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Comento sopra la Comedia. Salerno, 2001.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio. Edited by Vivanti, Corrado, Einaudi, 2000.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Essential Writings of Machiavelli. translated by Constantine, Peter, Modern Library, 2007.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “Lettera 200.” Letter to Francesco Vettori, 9 Apr. 1513. Machiavelli, Tutte le opere, pp. 1131–32.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “Lettera 216.” Letter to Francesco Vettori, 10 Dec. 1513. Machiavelli, Tutte le opere, pp. 1158–60.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “Lettera 246.” Letter to Lodovico Alamanni, 17 Dec. 1517. Machiavelli, Tutte le opere, pp. 1194–95.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “Prima legazione alla corte di Roma.” Machiavelli, Tutte le opere, pp. 496573.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Machiavelli, Essential Writings, pp. 3100.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. Il Principe. Edited by Inglese, Giorgio, Einaudi, 2013.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “To Francesco Vettori.” Machiavelli, Essential Writings, pp. 507–11.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. Tutte le opere. Edited by Martelli, Mario, Sansoni, 1971.Google Scholar
Martelli, Mario. “Minima Adnotanda (Luca Puci, Lorenzo de' Medici, Ugolino Verino, Luigi Pulci, Angelo Poliziano, Niccolò Machiavelli)”. Interpres, vol. 14, 1994, pp. 219–45.Google Scholar
Martelli, Mario. “Schede sulla cultura di Machiavelli”. Interpres, vol. 6, 1985–86, pp. 283330.Google Scholar
Meinecke, Friedrich. Introduction. Der Fürst und Kleinere Schriften, by Niccolò Machiavelli, translated by Merian-Genast, Ernst, Reimar Hobbing, 1923, pp. 747.Google Scholar
Myerowitz Levine, Molly. “Ovid's Evolution.” Gibson et al., pp. 252–78.Google Scholar
Najemy, John M. Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 15131515. Princeton UP, 1993.Google Scholar
Najemy, John M. “Machiavelli and Geta: Men of Letters.” Ascoli and Kahn, Machiavelli, pp. 5379.Google Scholar
Newlands, Carole. Ovid. Tauris, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovid, . Ars amatoria. Edited by Hollis, A.S., bk. 1, Oxford UP, 1977.Google Scholar
Ovid, . The Art of Love. The Art of Love and Other Poems, translated by Mozley, J.H., Harvard UP, 1979, pp. 11175.Google Scholar
Ovid, . Tristia. Tristia; Ex Ponto, translated by A.L. Wheeler, revised by G.P. Goold, Harvard UP, 1924, pp. 2261.Google Scholar
Palmer, Ada. Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance. Harvard UP, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedullā, Gabriele. “L'arte fiorentina dei nodi.” Introduction. Il Principe, by Niccolò Machiavelli, edited by Donzelli, Carmine, Donzelli, 2013, pp. v-cviii.Google Scholar
Petrarch, Francesco. Il Canzoniere. Il Canzoniere e i Trionfi, edited by Fenzi, Enrico, Salerno, 1993, pp. 1599.Google Scholar
Plaisance, Michel. Florence in the Time of the Medici: Public Celebrations, Politics, and Literature in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. translated by Carew-Reid, Nicole, Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2008.Google Scholar
Quaglioni, Diego. “Un nuovo testimone per l'edizione della Monarchia di Dante: Il Ms. Add. 6891 della British Library”. Laboratoire italien, vol. 11, 2011, pp. 231–80.Google Scholar
Raimondi, Ezio. “The Politician and the Centaur.” Ascoli and Kahn, Machiavelli, pp. 145–60.Google Scholar
Rebhorn, Wayne A. Foxes and Lions: Machiavelli's Confidence Men. Cornell UP, 1988.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. Machiavelli in Love: Sex, Self, and Society in the Italian Renaissance. Johns Hopkins UP, 2007.Google Scholar
Sasso, Gennaro. “Il ‘celebrato sogno’ di Machiavelli.” Sasso, Machiavelli, vol. 3, pp. 211–30.Google Scholar
Sasso, Gennaro. “Centauri, leoni e volpi: Su alcune fonti del diciottesimo del Principe.” Sasso, Machiavelli, vol. 4, pp. 153–88.Google Scholar
Sasso, Gennaro, editor. Machiavelli e gli antichi e altri saggi. Ricciardi, 1986.Google Scholar
Sasso, Gennaro. “Il Principe ebbe due redazioni?” Sasso, Machiavelli, vol. 2, pp. 197276.Google Scholar
Singleton, Charles S. “he Perspective of Art.” The Ken-yon Review, vol. 15, no. 2, 1953, pp. 169–89.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford UP, 1981.Google Scholar
Soll, Jacob. Publishing The Prince: History, Reading, and the Birth of Political Criticism. U of Michigan P, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, Vickie B., editor. The Comedy and Tragedy of Machiavelli: Essays on the Literary Works. Yale UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Tibullus, . Elegies. Edited by Maltby, Robert, translated by Juster, A.M., Oxford UP, 2012.Google Scholar
Tommasini, Oreste. La vita egli scritti di Niccolò Machiavelli nella loro relazione col Machiavellismo, storia ed esame critico. vol. 2, Loescher, 1883.Google Scholar
Vettori, Franceso. “Lettera 215.” Letter to Niccolò Machiavelli, 23 Nov. 1513. Machiavelli, Tutte le opere, pp.1157–58.Google Scholar
Vettori, Franceso. “Letter 223.” Letter to Niccolò Machiavelli, 23 Nov. 1513. Machiavelli and His Friends: Their Personal Correspondence, edited by Atkinson, James B. and Sices, David, Northern Illinois UP, 1996, pp. 260–62.Google Scholar
Volk, Katharina. “Ille ego: (Mis)Reading Ovid's Elegiac Persona”. Antike und Abendland, vol. 51, 2005, pp. 8396.Google Scholar
Volk, Katharina. Ovid. Blackwell Publishing, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar