The recovery of species' populations is one of the most challenging tasks in conservation. For effective recovery a myriad of issues must be addressed, which is why conservationists and other stakeholders from academia, government, and business and local communities need to be engaged in the process. Without full engagement, although species recovery might be achieved, its long-term sustainability would be unlikely, and the time and financial cost of the recovery would significantly increase.

Our team has been working for > 10 years on the conservation of threatened plants in the Guamuhaya region of Cuba. During this time, we have developed alliances among the local government, the farmers, and the community that have helped us achieve recovery of some threatened species. One that has benefited from these alliances is Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb., an endemic tree currently known only from two locations in the Sancti Spíritus province of central Cuba. Although there are herbarium specimens of the species from seven other localities, in the western provinces of Pinar del Río and Artemisa, the species appears to be extinct there (González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola and González-Oliva2015; Mill, Reference Mill2015).

Podocarpus angustifolius is categorized as Critically Endangered on the national Red List (González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola and González-Oliva2015) and Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (González-Torres & Gardner, Reference González Torres and Gardner2013). Both assessments indicate that natural recovery is constrained by the small population and habitat degradation. The major threats to this conifer are overexploitation, deforestation, and the expansion of exotic species (González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola, Bécquer, Berazaín, Barrios and Gómez2013, Reference González-Torres, Palmarola and González-Oliva2015). Here, based on recent surveys, we revise the current conservation status of P. angustifolius as a starting point for new conservation actions.

In 2017 and 2018, we conducted a field survey and census of P. angustifolius in the Topes de Collantes Natural Protected Landscape and Lomas de Banao Ecological Reserve (Fig. 1), the two known locations of the species. For each individual tree, we recorded the geographical position to an accuracy of ± 1 m (with a GPS), and the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) to an accuracy of ± 1 cm. For the census, we did not consider saplings < 20 cm in height as part of the population, as this cohort has a high mortality (most saplings grow beneath parent trees, limiting development). From the geographical coordinates we calculated the extent of occurrence (EOO, a measure of the spatial spread of the areas occupied by a taxon, commonly measured by a minimum convex polygon) and the area of occupancy (AOO, a scaled metric that represents the area of suitable habitat occupied by a taxon) (Bachman et al., Reference Bachman, Moat, Hill, de la Torre and Scott2011). We calculated AOO based on a 1 km² grid. Population density was calculated based on the number of individuals and the AOO. The size structure of the population, which we use as a proxy for age structure, was determined from the height and diameter of the individuals. We defined adult classes based on the height of the smallest individual with signs of reproductive structures found during the survey. Based on these data, we re-evaluated the conservation situation of this species using the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2012).

Fig. 1 The location of the Ecological Reserve Lomas de Banao and Natural Protected Landscape Topes de Collantes, in Sancti Spíritus province of Central Cuba.

All individuals ≥ 6 m tall were considered adults, as the smallest tree with signs of reproductive structures was 6 m. We located a total of 575 individual trees at altitudes of 623–794 m, of which 174 were adults and 45 were 4–6 m, 570 in well-preserved rainforest without evidence of threats in the Ecological Reserve Lomas de Banao and five in the Natural Protected Landscape Topes de Collantes. We calculated an EOO and AOO of 125.8 km² and 6.0 km², respectively, giving a density of 96 individuals/km² and 29 adult trees/km².

Maximum height and DBH were 23.0 m (mean 4.47 ± SD 5.11 m) and 44.6 cm (mean 5.71 ± SD 8.31 cm), respectively. The size structure of the population was characteristic of an expanding population: histograms of both height and DBH have an inverted J shape with 55.5% and 67.8% of the individuals, respectively, in the smallest size class, typical of a healthy population (Sahid et al., Reference Sahid, Aziz, Ahmed and Shahzad2012; Fig. 2). The high concentration of individuals in the smallest class suggests that pollination, regeneration and recruitment are not limiting the population, although this was previously reported to be the case (González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola, Bécquer, Berazaín, Barrios and Gómez2013).

Fig. 2 Frequency histograms of (a) height and (b) diameter at breast height of the 570 Podocarpus angustifolius in Lomas de Banao (Fig. 1).

Our findings indicate that P. angustifolius should be categorized as Endangered rather than as Critically Endangered, its current categorization on the national Red List (González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola and González-Oliva2015). Although the small AOO and EOO qualifies the species as Critically Endangered under criterion B, the population cannot be considered severely fragmented because 99% of the individuals occur at a high density in Lomas de Banao and this subpopulation, its habitat and the quality of its habitat are not severely declining. The small number of mature individuals (174 adults) is nevertheless a risk for the species’ long-term survival, and fulfils criterion D (small population size) for categorization as Endangered (< 250 mature individuals). Our assessment therefore suggests the risk of extinction of P. angustifolius differs from that of earlier assessments (González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola, Bécquer, Berazaín, Barrios and Gómez2013; González Torres & Gardner, Reference González Torres and Gardner2013; González-Torres et al., Reference González-Torres, Palmarola and González-Oliva2015), most likely because our assessment is based on a detailed census whereas earlier assessments were based on rapid field surveys and herbarium records.

The subpopulation of P. angustifolius at Lomas de Banao has been managed for conservation purposes since 1998. In Topes de Collantes management of the species began later, in 2010. Since 2017, our team has been working in both protected areas to reinforce the two populations. In Lomas de Banao, we collected saplings (which have a low survival rate in the wild) from beneath adult trees, and cultivated them in nurseries at Lomas de Banao and Topes de Collantes until they attained 50 cm in height. Most of the saplings were used to reinforce the subpopulation in Topes de Collantes and, to a lesser extent, that in Lomas de Banao. In total, we transplanted 3,708 saplings to the nurseries during 2017–2019, where 400 are still growing. A total of 1,666 saplings, none of which were included in the census reported here, were used to reinforce the subpopulations during 2017–2019 (440 in Lomas de Banao and 1,226 in Topes de Collantes; Plate 1), 484 of which remain alive (a survival rate of 29%).

Plate 1 A sapling of Podocarpus angustifolius reintroduced in Topes de Collantes (Fig. 1).

Assuming a continuing establishment rate of 29% (a conservative estimate, as we would expect the survival rate of saplings to increase with age), we estimate that in the next 10–20 years, c. 140 of the 484 saplings could be recruited into the population. It is possible that as yet undocumented anthropogenic factors could affect older saplings or mature trees to a greater extent (e.g. extraction for ornamental purposes, harvesting of the wood for roofing). As of 10 January 2021, we have an additional 1,700 saplings that will be used for reinforcement during 2021–2022. We intend to continue reinforcing the subpopulation at Topes de Collantes, with the participation of stakeholders, and to initiate the reintroduction of the species in protected areas in the western provinces of Pinar del Río and Artemisa, where the species formerly occurred.

In conserving this narrow endemic tree species, we have learnt three principal lessons. Firstly, once healthy subpopulations have been identified, they can be used as a source of individuals to reinforce other, less healthy subpopulations. In the absence of resources for genetic studies, reasonable levels of genetic diversity can be secured by collecting seeds or plant material from different individuals (Hoban & Schlarbaum, Reference Hoban and Schlarbaum2014). This approach can be used to reinforce a population over a relatively short time.

Secondly, entrust local communities with appropriate conservation actions, to enhance their engagement and the sustainability of any actions. In the case of P. angustifolius, conservation rangers in Lomas de Banao are in charge of collecting saplings and of maintaining the nursery and reinforcing the population. In Topes de Collantes, local people tend the local nurseries and reinforce the subpopulation, and farmers are reintroducing the tree in their farms. Our role is limited to assisting with the collection of saplings to ensure the diversity of each year's cohort for reinforcement. This alliance between local government, community, farmers, and academia has reduced the cost and time required to implement the recovery strategy for P. angustifolius and has secured a close and sustained oversight of the plants in the nursery, in the wild and on farms.

Thirdly, set clear expectations to secure the continued support of stakeholders, conservation actors and supporters. The conservation of long-lived tree species requires patience and constancy. It required c. 10 years for the first P. angustifolius to be planted at Lomas de Banao. These lessons learnt while working for the conservation of P. angustifolius can be applied to the conservation of other threatened endemic plants of Cuba that have small populations, and also for conservation in other regions.