Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T02:52:58.275Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Increased Candida Demonstrated in Subgingival Plaques of Aids Patients by Microwave-Accelerated Silver Staining

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2011

Jacob S. Hanker ,
Mark J. Kutcher ,
E. Jefferson Burkes JR. ,
George W. Greco ,
Roy L. Hopfer ,
Darryl T. Hamamoto ,
William P. Webster ,
Peggy E. Yates ,
James D. Beck  and
Beverly L. Giammara
Jacob S. Hanker
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
Mark J. Kutcher
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
E. Jefferson Burkes JR.
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
George W. Greco
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
Roy L. Hopfer
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
Darryl T. Hamamoto
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
William P. Webster
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
Peggy E. Yates
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
James D. Beck
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, Campus Box #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
Beverly L. Giammara
Affiliation:
University of Louisville, Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Graduate Programs and Research, 2301 S. Third St., Louisville, KY 40292
Get access

Abstract

Acute periodontal lesions generally respond to conventional therapy. In AIDS patients, however, further deterioration is the usual consequence. Candida albicans(CA) lesions of the oral mucosa have been observed in 88% of AIDS patients; 59% of male homosexual and IV drug abuser oral candidiasis patients subsequently developed AIDS. Indeed HIV may be hard to find in AIDS patients in whom CA lesions are very prominent.

Rapid reproducible silver stains have been developed in our laboratories to detect Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and protozoa. They demonstrate these microorganisms by the microwave-accelerated metallization of the aldehydes produced in their surface carbohydrates or lipopolysaccharides after periodic acid oxidation (Giammara and Hanker, US Patent No. 4,690,901, 1987; Sigma Diagnostics Kit No. HT-100). We thought that these stains might be useful to demonstrate by microscopy the large numbers of CA which culture studies had suggested were present in subgingival plaque at atypical periodontal disease sites of AIDS patients. Direct staining of plaque smears and their evaluation under the light microscope could be done in much less time than that required for culture. Any equivocal microorganisms could be positively identified as CA by immediate examination of the slide or coverslip by scanning electron microscopy. Although our PATS reaction was more valuable for identifying Gram-negative bacteria especially spirochetes and for studying substructure of CA and their epiphytic interactions with bacteria, the SIGMA DIAGNOSTICS Silver Stain HT-100 was much easier to use for rating CA concentration in disease sites. This test was applied to subgingival plaque smears from 28 periodontal disease sites of 22 HIV-seronegative patients and 45 sites of 12 HIV-seropositive patients. After staining, the smears were examined and scored (Davenport Index). None of the 12 HIVseropositive patients but 15 of the 22 HIV-seronegative patients had a score of zero at all sites. The score ranged from 0 (no CA) to 3 (large numbers of CA in all fields). In the seropositive patients the median score was 2 while in the seronegative group it was 0.

The much higher scores obtained in specimens from periodontal disease sites of the AIDS patients suggest that this simple rapid test might be valuable for screening individuals and indicating those requiring further testing or monitoring for AIDS.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 189: Symposium L – Microwave Processing of Materials II , 1990 , 355
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Bral, M. and Brownstein, C.N., Dent. Clin. N. Amer. 32, 217 (1988).Google Scholar
2. Murray, P.A., Winkler, J.R., Sadkowski, L., Korman, K.S., Steffensen, B., Robertson, P.B. and Holt, S.C., in Perspectives on Oral Manifestations of AIDS, edited by Robertson, P.B. and Greenspan, J.S. (PSG Publishing, Littleton, 1988), p. 105.Google Scholar
3. Winkler, J.R. and Murray, P.A., J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. 15, 20 (1987).Google Scholar
4. Winkler, J.R., Grassi, M. and Murray, P.A., in Perspectives on Oral Manifestations of AIDS, edited by Robertson, P.B. and Greenspan, J.S. (PSG Publishing, Littleton, 1988), p. 49.Google Scholar
5. Slots, J., Rams, T.E. and Listgarten, M.A.. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 3, 47 (1988).Google Scholar
6. Chandrasekar, P.H. and Molinari, J.A., Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 60, 532 (1985).Google Scholar
7. Ray, T.L., Dermatol. Clin. 5, 65 (1988).Google Scholar
8. Syrjanen, S., Valle, S-L., Antonen, J., Suni, J., Saxinger, C., Krohn, K. and Ranki, R., Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 65, 36 (1988).Google Scholar
9. Centers for Disease Control, MMWR 36 (suppl. no. 1S) 3S (1987).Google Scholar
10. Greenspan, D. and Greenspan, J.S., Dermatol. Clin. 5, 651 (1987).Google Scholar
11. Tavitian, A., Raufman, J-P. and Rosenthal, L.E., Ann. Intern. Med. 104, 54 (1986).Google Scholar
12. Phelan, J.A., Salzman, B.R., Friedland, G.H. and Klein, R.S., Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 64, 50 (1987).Google Scholar
13. Klein, R.S., Harris, C.A., Small, C.B., Moll, B., Lesser, M. and Friedland, G.H., N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 354 (1984).Google Scholar
14. Giammara, B., Romaine, T., Ambrose, W. and Hanker, J., Proc. Ann. Meet. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 42, 264 (1984).Google Scholar
15. Loesche, W.J., Syed, S.A., Schmidt, E. and Morrison, E.C., J. Periodontol. 56, 447 (1985).Google Scholar
16. Giammara, B., Burkes, E.J. Jr., Scruggs, R., Greco, G., Yates, P. and Hanker, J., Proc. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 47, 1082 (1989).Google Scholar
17. Hanker, J., Burkes, E.J. Jr., Greco, G., Scruggs, R., Anderson, E. and Giammara, B., Proc. Elect. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 47, 1084 (1989).Google Scholar
18. Giammara, B., DeVries, W., Baker, R., Dobbins, J. and Hanker, J., Proc. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 45, 878 (1987).Google Scholar
19. Davenport, J.C., Brit. dent. J. 129, 151 (1970).Google Scholar
20. Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Stenderup, A. and Grabowski, M., Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 3, 115 (1975).Google Scholar
21. Bergman, J.J., Berg, A.O., Schneeweiss, R. and Heidrich, F.E., J. Fam. Practice 18, 549 (1984).Google Scholar
22. Berdicevsky, I., Ben-Aryeh, H., Glick, D. and Gutman, D., Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 44, 206 (1977).Google Scholar
23. Awde, J.D. and Kogan, S.L., Canad. Dent. Assn. J. 52, 527 (1986).Google Scholar
24. Odds, F.C. and Evans, E.G.V., Med. Lab. Technol. 32, 23 (1975).Google Scholar
25. Furnished by Juergen von der Heiden, Precision Instrument Div., Olympus Corp., Cherry Hill, NJ 08034.Google Scholar
26. Levy, J.A., Nature 333, 519 (1988).Google Scholar
27. Duesberg, P.H., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 755 (1989).Google Scholar
28. Chaisson, R.E., Allain, J.P., Leuther, M. and Volberding, P.A., New Engl. J. Med. 315, 1610 (1986).Google Scholar
29. Lange, J.M., Paul, D.A., Huisman, H.G., Wolf, F. de, and Berg, H. van den, Br. Med. J. 293, 1459 (1986).Google Scholar
30. Johns, D.R., Tierney, M. and Felsenstein, D., New Engl. J. Med. 316, 1569 (1987).Google Scholar
31. Bowen, D.L., Lane, H.C. and Fauci, A.S., Ann. Intern. Med. 103, 704 (1985).Google Scholar
32. Greenspan, J.S., Greenspan, D., Winkler, J.R. and Murray, P.A., in Contemporary Periodontics, edited by Genco, R.J., Goldman, H.M. and Cohen, D.W. (The C.V. Mosby Company, New York, 1988) p. 298.Google Scholar
33. Odds, F.C., Candida and Candidosis, 2nd ed. (Bailliere Tindall, London, 1988), p. 12, p. 211.Google Scholar
34. Carlson, E., Infect. Immun. 42, 285 (1983).Google Scholar
35. Burgess, J., Marten, M. and Taylor, R., Microcosmos (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987) p. 105.Google Scholar
36. Preston, B.D., Poiesz, B.J. and Loeb, L.A., Science 242, 1168 (1988).Google Scholar
37. Bebenek, K., Abbotts, J., Roberts, J.D., Wilson, S.H. and Kunkel, T.A., J. Biol. Chem. 264, 16948 (1989).Google Scholar
38. Barksdale, L. and Arden, S.B., Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 28, 265 (1976).Google Scholar