Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T08:10:23.774Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interfacial Junctions and Cavitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Uzi Landman  and
W.D. Luedtke
Get access

Extract

Understanding the atomistic mechanisms, energetics, structure, and dynamics underlying the interactions and physical processes that occur when two materials are brought together, separated, or rub against each other (hence the term tribology, from the Greek tribos, meaning to rub) is fundamentally important to many basic and applied problems. Examples include adhesion, capillarity, contact formation, surface deformation, elastic and plastic response characteristics, hardness, micro- and nanoindentation, friction, lubrication, wear, fracture, atomic-scale probing, and modifications and manipulations of materials surfaces. These considerations have for over a century motivated extensive theoretical and experimental research into the above phenomena and their technological consequences.

Explorations of materials systems and phenomena in the nanoscale regime often require experimental probes and theoretical and computational methods that allow investigations with refined spatial, as well as temporal, resolution. Consequently, until recently most theoretical approaches to the above issues, with a few exceptions, have been anchored in continuum elasticity and contact mechanics. Experimental observations and measurements of surface forces and the consequent materials response to such interactions have been macroscopic in nature.

Type
Nanotribology
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 18 , Issue 5 , May 1993 , pp. 36 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Dowson, D., History of Tribology (Longman, London, 1979).Google Scholar
2.Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D., Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Clarendon, Oxford, 1950).Google Scholar
3.Tabor, D., J. Col. Interface Sci. 58 (1977) p. 2; Pollock, H.M., Vacuum 31 (1981) p. 609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. See review and references: Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Ringer, E.M., in Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes, edited by Singer, J.L. and Pollock, H.M. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1992) p. 463, and other articles therein.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Landman, U., Luedtke, W. D., Ouyang, J., and Xia, T.K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1993) p. 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., Burnham, N.A., and Colton, R.J., Science 248 (1990) p. 454; Landman, U. and Luedtke, W.D., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 9 (1991) p. 414; Landman, U. , Luedtke, W.D., and Ringer, E.M., Wear 153 (1992) p. 3; Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Ribarsky, M.W., J. Vac. Sci Techuol. A 7 (1989) p. 2829; Landman, U. , Luedtke, W.D., Ribarski, M.W., in New Materials Approaches to Tribology: Theory and Applications, edited by Pope, L.E. , Fehrenbacher, L., and Winer, W.O. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 140, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989) p. 101; Ribarsky, M.W. and Landman, U., Phys. Rev. B 38 (1988) p. 9522; Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Nitzan, A., Surf. Sci. 210 (1989) p. LI77; Landman, U. and Luedtke, W.D., Appl. Surf. Sci. 60/61 (1992) p. 1; Luedtke, W.D. and Landman, U., Comput. Mater. Sci. 1 (1992) p. 1; Thompson, P.A. and Robbins, M.O., Science 250 (1990) p. 792; Thompson, P.A., Grest, G., and Robbins, M.O., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) p. 3448; Harrison, J.A., White, C.T., Colton, R.J., and Brenner, D.W., Phys. Rev. B 46 (1992) p. 9700; Belak, J. and Stowers, I.F., in Reference 4, p. 511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Hertz, H., J. Reine Angew. Math. 92 (1882) p. 156; also in Miscellaneous Papers (Macmillan, London, 1896) p. 146; see review by Johnson, K.L., Proc. Iustrum. Mech. Eng. 196 (1982) p. 363; Dieter, G., Mechanical Metallurgy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967); Rabinowicz, E., Friction and Wear of Materials (Wiley, New York, 1965); Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970); Johnson, K.L., Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985); Johnson, K.L., Kendall, K., and Roberts, A.D., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 324 (1971) p. 301; Derjaguin, B.V., Muller, V.M., and Toporov, Y.P., J. Coll. Interface Sci. 53 (1975) p. 314; Muller, V.M., Derjaguin, B.V., Toporov, Y.P., Colloids Surfaces 7 (1983) p. 251; Pashley, P.A., Colloids Surfaces 12 (1984) p. 69; Tabor, D., The Hardness of Metals (Clarendon, Oxford, 1951); Microindentation Techniques in Materials Science and Engineering, edited by Blau, P.J. and Lawn, B.R. (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Binnig, G. and Rohrer, H., Helvetica Phys. Acta 55 (1982) p. 726.Google Scholar
9.Binnig, G., Quate, C.F., and Gerber, C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) p. 930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. See reviews by Hansma, P.K. and Tersoff, J., J. Appl. Phys. 61 (1986) p. R1; Colton, R.J. and Murday, J.S., Naval Res. Rev. 40 (1988) p. 2; Burnham, N.A. and Colton, R.J., in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Theory and Applications, edited by Bonnell, D. (VCH Publishers, 1992); Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, edited by Behm, R.J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1989); Sarid, D., Scanning Force Microscopy (Oxford University Press, New York, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Israelachvili, J.N., Acc. Chem. Res. 20 (1987) p. 415; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (1987) p. 4722; Israelachvili, J.N., McGuiggan, P.M., and Homola, A.M., Science 240 (1988) p. 189; Granick, S., Science 253 (1991) p. 1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Atomistic Simulations of Materials: Beyond Pair Potentials, edited by Vitek, V. and Srolovitz, D.J. (Plenum, New York, 1989); Computer Simulations in Materials Science, edited by Meyer, M.and Pontikis, V. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991); Many-Atom Interactions in Solids, edited by Nieminen, R.N., Puska, M.J., and Manninen, M.J. (Springer, Berlin, 1990); Simulations of Liquids and Solids, edited by Ciccotti, G., Frenkel, D., and McDonald, I.R. (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1987); Computations for the Nanoscale, edited by Blochl, P. et al. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993); Landman, U., Barnett, R.N., and Luedtke, W. D., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 341 (1992) p. 337, and other articles in that issue.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Fisher, L.R. and Israelachvili, J.N., J. Coll. Int. Sci. 80 (1981) p. 528, and references therein.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Gane, N., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 317, p. 367, and references therein.Google Scholar
15.Landman, U. and Luedtke, W.D., in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy III (Springer Series in Surf. Sci., Vol. 29, edited by Güntherodt, H-J. and Wiesendanger, R. (Springer, Berlin, 1992), Chapter 9, and references therein.Google Scholar
16.Mate, C.M., McClelland, G.M., Erlandsson, R., and Chiang, S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (1987) p. 1942; Cohen, S.R., Neubauer, G., and McClelland, G.M., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 (1990) p. 3449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Burnham, N.A., Dominguez, D.D., Mowery, R.L., and Colton, R.J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) p. 1931; Burnham, N.A., Colton, R.J., and Pollock, H.M., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9 (1991) p. 2548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Mate, C.M., Lorenz, M.R., and Novotny, V.J., J. Chem. Phys. 90 (1989) p. 7550; Mate, C.M. and Novotny, V.J., J. Chem. Phys. 94 (1991) p. 8420; Mate, C.M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) p. 3323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Joyce, S.A., Thomas, R.C., Houston, J.E., Michalske, T.A., and Crooks, R.M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) p. 2790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Kim, Y., Huang, J-L., and Lieber, C.M., Appl. Phys. Lett 59 (1991) p. 3404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. See: Landman, U. in “Physics News in 1992,” APS News 2 (3) (1993) p. 87; Avouris, P., APS News 2 (3) (1993) p. 90, and references therein.Google Scholar
22. The parameterization used in our calculations is due to Adams, J.B., Foiles, S.M., and Wolfer, W.G., J. Mater. Res. Soc. 4 (1989) p. 102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Maugis, D. and Pollock, H.M., Acta Metall. 32 (1984) p. 1323, and references therein.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Mate, C.M., private communication (1992).Google Scholar
25.Israelachvili, J.N., Intermolecular and Surface Forces (Academic Press, London, 1992) 2nd ed.; Horn, R.G., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73 (1990) p. 1117; Hunter, R.J., Foundations of Colloid Science, Vols. 1 and 2 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987 and 1989); Thin Liquid Films, edited by Ivanov, I.B. (Dekker, Marcel, New York, 1988).Google Scholar
26. For simulations of the structural and dynamical properties of thin alkane films confined between two solid boundaries and the dynamics of film collapse on application of load, see Ribarsky, M.W. and Landman, U., J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1991) p. 1937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. For simulations of alkane films adsorbed on metal surfaces, see Xia, T.K., Ouyang, J., Ribarsky, M.W., and Landman, U., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) p. 1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Meyer, E., Overney, R., Brodbeck, D., Howald, L., Luthis, R., Frommer, J., and Güntherodt, H-J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) p. 1777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Rowlinson, J.S. and Widom, B., Molecular Theory of Capillarity (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1982); Adamson, A.W., Physical Chemistry of Surfaces (Wiley, New York, 1982).Google Scholar
30.Trevena, D.H., Cavitation and Tension in Liquids (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1987); Young, F.R., Cavitation (McGraw-Hill, London, 1989).Google Scholar
31.Newton, I., Opticks, (Dover, New York, 1952) p. 207.Google Scholar
32.Rayleigh, Lord, Philos. Mag. 34 (1917) p. 94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Langlois, W.E., Slow Viscous Flow (MacMillen, New York, 1964), p. 111.Google Scholar
34.Frenkel, J., J. Phys. (Moscow) 9 (1945) p. 385. In Equation 5 of this paper, the factor (4/3) should be replaced by 2.Google Scholar
35. For a recent study of the mechanism of cavitation damage in thin liquid films using the surface force apparatus, see Chen, Y.L., Kuhl, T., and Israelachvili, J., Wear 153 (1992) p. 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Hertz, H., J. Reine Angew. Math. 92 (1882) p. 156; also in Miscellaneous Papers (Macmillan, London, 1896) p. 146; see review by Johnson, K.L., Proc. Instrum. Mech. Eng. 196 (1982) p. 363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Luedtke, W.D. and Landman, U., Comput. Mater. Sci. 1 (1992) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Rabinowicz, E., Friction and Wear of Materials (Wiley, New York, 1965).Google Scholar
39.Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., Burnham, N.A., and Colton, R.J., Science 248 (1990) p. 454; Landman, U. and Luedtke, W.D., J. Vac. Sci, Technol. 9 (1991) p. 414; Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Ringer, E.M., Wear 153 (1992) p. 3; Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Ribarsky, M.W., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 7 (1989) p. 2829; Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Ribarsky, M.W., in New Materials Approaches to Tribology: Theory and Applications, edited by Pope, L.E., Fehrenbacher, L., and Winer, W.O. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 140, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989) p. 101; Ribarsky, M.W. and Landman, U, Phys. Rev. B 38 (1988) p. 9522; Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Nitzan, A., Surf. Sci. 210 (1989) p. L177; Landman, U. and Luedtke, W.D., Appl. Surf. Sci. 60/61 (1992) p. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., Burnham, N.A., and Colton, R.J., Science 248 (1990) p. 454; Landman, U. and Luedtke, W.D., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 9 (1991) p. 414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., Burnham, N.A., and Colton, R.J., Science 248 (1990) p. 454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Johnson, K.L., Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985); Johnson, K.L., Kendall, K., and Roberts, A.D., Proc. R. Soc. London, Scr. A 324 (1971) p. 301; Derjaguin, B.V., Muller, V.M., and Toporov, Y.P., J. Coll. Interface Sci. 53 (1975) p. 314; Muller, V.M., Derjaguin, B.V, and Toporov, Y.P., Colloids Surf. 7 (1983) p. 251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Landman, U., Luedtke, W.D., and Ringer, E.M., Wear 153 (1992) p. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Dieter, G., Mechanical Metallurgy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967); Rabinowicz, E., Friction and Wear of Materials (Wiley, New York, 1965); Johnson, K.L., Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).Google Scholar
45.Dieter, G., Mechanical Metallurgy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967); Johnson, K.L., Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).Google Scholar